Dig 2

Question 0

Below the diaphragm, The serosa is the ______ or _______, a serious membrane

Answer 0

Mesentery or visceral peritoneum

Question 1

Above the diaphragm, for the esophagus, what is the outermost layer. And is fibrous connective tissue

Answer 1

The serosa

Question 2

What does the serous fluid between the peritoneum and mesentery prevent

Answer 2

Friction when the alimentary tube contracts and the organs slide against one another

Question 3

What lines the abdominal cavity

Answer 3

The parietal peritoneum called the peritoneum

Question 4

Where is the stomach located

Answer 4

Upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity. To the left of the liver and in front of the spleen

Question 5

Where does the stomach extend to

Answer 5

From the esophagus to the small intestine

Question 6

Where does both mechanical and chemical digestion takes place

Answer 6

The stomach

Question 7

What is the opening of the esophagus called

Answer 7

Cardiac orifice

Question 8

What is the portion above the level of the cardiac orifice (opening of the esophagus) called

Answer 8

Fundus

Question 9

Where is the pylorus located

Answer 9

Adjacent to the duodenum of the small intestine

Question 10

And what sphincter surrounds the junction of the duodenum and small intestine

Answer 10

Pyloric sphincter

Question 11

Where does most digestion takes place

Answer 11

Pylorus

Question 12

When the stomach is empty the mucosa appears wrinkled what are these folds called

Answer 12

Rugae

Question 13

What are the glands of the stomach

Answer 13

Gastric pits

Question 14

What are the cells in the gastric pits of the stomach

Answer 14

Mucus
Parietal
Chief
G cell

Question 15

Mucous cells secrete mucus which coat what lining and help prevent what

Answer 15

Stomach lining

Erosion by the gastric juice

Question 16

What do chief cells secrete

Answer 16

Pepsinogen (pepsin)

Question 17

What do parietal cells produce

Answer 17

Hydrochloric acid

Question 18

Parietal cells have enzymes called what

And what do these proton pumps secrete

Answer 18

Proton pumps

H+ ions into the stomach cavity

Question 19

What do the H+ ions tonight with from the parietal cells to form hydrochloric acid in the lumen of the stomach

Answer 19

Cl-

Question 20

What does HCL convert

Answer 20

Pepsinogen to pepsin which begins the digestion of proteins to polypeptides and gives gastric juice it’s pH of 1 to 2

Question 21

The very acidic pH is necessary for what

Answer 21

Pepsin to function and also kills most microorganisms that enter the stomach

Question 22

Besides HCl what does the parietal cells also secrete

Answer 22

Intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12

Question 23

What do enteroendocrine cells called G cells secrete

Answer 23

The hormone gastrin

Question 24

When is gastric juice secreted in small amounts

Answer 24

At the site or smell of food

Question 25

When gastric juice is secreted due to site or smell of food what type of response is this

Answer 25

Parasympathetic response that ensures some gastric juice will be present in the stomach when food arrives

Question 26

The presence of food in the stomach causes what cells to secrete gastrin

Answer 26

G cells

Question 27

What does gastrin stimulate

Answer 27

Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of greater amounts of gastric juice

Question 28

The external muscle layer of the stomach consists of three layers of smooth muscle what are they

Answer 28

Circular, longitudinal, and oblique layers

Question 29

These three layers of the stomach are innervated by the myenteric plexuses of what system

Answer 29

The enteric nervous system

Question 30

Stimulatory impulses are carried from the CNS by what nerves to provide for efficient mechanical digestion and changing food into liquid

Answer 30

Vegas nerves (10th cranial)

Question 31

When the food is changed into liquid what is this called

Answer 31

Chyme

Question 32

What is usually contracted with the stomach is churning food

Answer 32

Pyloric sphincter

Question 33

Why does the pyloric sphincter relax

Answer 33

To permit small amounts of chine to pass into the duodenum

Question 34

After the pyloric sphincter relaxes it then contracts to prevent what

Answer 34

Back up intestinal contents into the stomach

Question 35

How big is the small intestine

Answer 35

1 inch in diameter and 20 feet long | It extends from the stomach to the cecum of the large intestine

Question 36

Within the abdominal cavity what does the large intestine and encircle

Answer 36

The coils of the small intestine

Question 37

What is the first 10 inches of the small intestine called

Answer 37

Duodenum

Question 38

Where is the vomiting center

Answer 38

Medulla

Question 39

As part of the vomiting reflects what relaxes and what closes

Answer 39

The esophageal sphincter relaxes and the glottis closes

Question 40

What is pyloric stenosis

Answer 40

Narrowing of the opening of the pyloric sphincter her which impairs emptying of the stomach

Question 41

What causes pyloric stenosis

Answer 41

It is most often a congenital disorder caused by hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter

Question 42

What is an erosion of the mucosa of the stomach

Answer 42

Gastric ulcer

Question 43

What causes ulcer formation

Answer 43

Over secretion of HCl or under secretion of mucus

Question 44

What part of the mucosa does the erosion reach from a gastric ulcer and what does it cause

Answer 44

Sub mucosa, small blood vessels are ruptured and bleed

Question 45

What bacterium is most often the cause of gastric ulcers

Answer 45

Helicobacter pylori

Question 46

Where does the common bile duct enter the duodenum

Answer 46

At the ampulla of Vater (Hepatopancreatic ampulla)

Question 47

How long is the jejunum

Answer 47

8 feet long

Question 48

How long is the ileum

Answer 48

11 feet long

Question 49

Where is digestion completed

Answer 49

In the small intestine

Question 50

Where are the end products of digestion absorbed

Answer 50

Into the blood and the Lympth

Question 51

What type of epithelium does the mucosa have

Answer 51

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 52

The simple columnar epithelium of the mucosa include cells with _____ that secrete mucus

Answer 52

Microvilli and goblet cells

Question 53

What cells secrete the hormones of the small intestine

Answer 53

Enteroendocrine cells

Question 54

What are abundant throughout the intestinal mucosa and in the ileum that destroy absorbed pathogens

Answer 54

Lymph nodules called peyers patches

Question 55

The external muscle layer of the small intestine has the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers that do what

Answer 55

Mix the chime with digestive secretions and propel the chime towards a colon

Question 56

What three sources of digestive secretions that function within the small intestine

Answer 56

the liver the pancreas and the small intestine

Question 57

How many of those are in the liver

Answer 57

2

Question 58

Where are the liver lobes located

Answer 58

Upper right and center of the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm

Question 59

What is the structural unit of the liver

Answer 59

Liver Lobule

Question 60

What is the liver lobule

Answer 60

And roughly hexagonal column of liver cells | Hepatocytes

Question 61

What are the capillaries of a lobule

Answer 61

Sinusoids, large and permeable vessels between the rows of liver cells

Question 62

Where do the sinusoids of the lobule receive blood from

Answer 62

The hepatic artery and portal vein

Question 63

What blood does the hepatic artery bring

Answer 63

Oxygenated blood

Question 64

What does the portal vein bring blood from to the liver

Answer 64

The digestive organs and spleen

Question 65

Each lobule has a central vein and the central vein lobules unite to form what

Answer 65

Hepatic veins which take blood out of the liver to the inferior vina cava

Question 66

What is the digestive function of the cells of the liver

Answer 66

Production of bile

Question 67

Where does bile enter

Answer 67

The small bile ducts called bile caniculi, on the liver cells

Question 68

File enters the small bile ducks on the liver cells which unite to form what

Answer 68

Larger docs and then urge to form the hepatic duct

Question 69

What does the hepatic duct do

Answer 69

Take bile out of the liver

Question 70

What does the hepatic duct unite with

Answer 70

The cystic duct of the gallbladder to form the common bile duct

Question 71

What does the common bile duct do

Answer 71

Takes bile to the duodenum

Question 72

Bile is mostly water and what is its excretory function

Answer 72

Carries Bilirubin and excess cholesterol to the intestines for elimination in feces

Question 73

The digestive function of bile is accomplished by what

Answer 73

Bile salts

Question 74

What do bile salts do

Answer 74

Emulsify fats in the small intestine

Question 75

What is emulsification

Answer 75

Large fat globules are broken into smaller globules

Question 76

Is emulsification a mechanical or chemical digestion

Answer 76

Mechanical because the fat is still fat

Question 77

What hormone stimulates the production of bile

Answer 77

Secretin

Question 78

Where is secretin produced

Answer 78

The duodenum when food enters the small intestine

Question 79

How long is the gallbladder

Answer 79

3 to 4 inches

Question 80

Where is the gallbladder located

Answer 80

On the undersurface of the right lobe of the liver

Question 81

Bile in the hepatic duct of the liver flows through what

Answer 81

The cystic duct into the gallbladder

Question 82

What does the gallbladder do

Answer 82

Stores the bile until it is needed in the small intestine. It also concentrates bile by absorbing water

Question 83

When fatty foods into the duodenum the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenal mucosa secrete what hormone

Answer 83

Cholecystokinin

Question 84

What. Does the hormone cholecystokinin stimulate

Answer 84

Contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the gallbladder which forces bile into the cystic duct then the common bile duct and then the duodenum

Question 85

Where is the pancreas located

Answer 85

Upper left of Domino quadrant between the curve of the duodenum and the spleen

Question 86

How long is the pancreas

Answer 86

6 inches

Question 87

What are the exocrine glands of the pancreas called

Answer 87

Acini

Question 88

What do the acini (exocrine glands of the pancreas) produce

Answer 88

Enzymes involved in digestion of all three types of complex food molecules

Question 89

If file contains a high concentration of cholesterol absorption of water may lead to precipitation in the formation of what

Answer 89

Gallstones

Question 90

If the gallstones or small they will pass through what ducts

Answer 90

Cystic duct and common bile duct to the duodenum

Question 91

What procedure is he used to break up the stones into smaller pieces

Answer 91

Lithotripsy

Question 92

Surgery to remove the gallbladder

Answer 92

Cholecystectomy

Question 93

What does the pancreatic enzyme amylase digest starch into

Answer 93

Maltose

Question 94

What converts emulsified that's too fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 94

Lipase

Question 95

What is an inactive enzyme that is changed to active trypsin in the duodenum

Answer 95

Trypsinogen

Question 96

What does trypsin digest

Answer 96

Polypeptides to shorter chains of amino acids

Question 97

What juice does the pancreas produces which is alkaline

Answer 97

Bicarbonate juice containing sodium bicarbonate

Question 98

Why does the pancreas produces this juice which is alkaline

Answer 98

Because the gastric juice that interested welcome is acidic and it must be neutralized to prevent damage to the duodenal mucosa

Question 99

What hormones stimulate secretion of pancreatic juice

Answer 99

Secretin and cholecystokinin

Question 100

Secretion of the pancreatic juice is stimulated by the hormone secreting and cholecystokinin which are produced by what

Answer 100

The duodenal mucosa When chyme enters the small intestine

Question 101

What stimulates the production of bicarbonate juice by the pancreas

Answer 101

Secretin

Question 102

What stimulates the secretion of the pancreatic enzymes

Answer 102

Cholecystokinin