Digestion

Question 0

Where is the alimentary tube located

Answer 0

It extends from the mouth to the anus

Question 1

What are the two divisions of the digestive system

Answer 1

The alimentary tube and accessory organs

Question 2

What does the alimentary tube consist of

Answer 2

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Question 3

Where does most absorption of nutrients take place

Answer 3

Small intestine

Question 4

Where is undigestible material, primarily cellulose eliminated

Answer 4

Large intestine, colon

Question 5

What are the accessory organs

Answer 5

Teeth, tongue, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Question 6

What two processes is food broken down into

Answer 6

Mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 7

What is mechanical digestion

Answer 7

The physical breaking up of food into smaller pieces by chewing

Question 8

What is chemical digestion

Answer 8

The work of the digestive enzymes. Complex chemical molecules are changed into simple or chemicals that the body can utilize

Question 9

What are the three types of complex organic molecules found in food

Answer 9

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Question 10

What are carbohydrates digested to

Answer 10

Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and the galactose

Question 11

What are proteins digested to

Answer 11

Amino acids, and facts which are digested to fatty acids and glycerol

Question 12

What other parts of food are digested and released

Answer 12

Vitamins, minerals, and water

Question 13

What two sets of teeth does an individual develop

Answer 13

Deciduous and permanent

Question 14

At what age do deciduous teeth begin to erupt

Answer 14

Six months of age and the set of 20 is complete by two years old

Question 15

What are the first permanent teeth that come in and what age

Answer 15

Molars at age 6

Question 16

What are the types of permanent teeth

Answer 16

Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

Question 17

What are the third molars on each side of each jawbone

Answer 17

Third molars, wisdom teeth

Question 18

What lines the socket of a tooth and produces a bone like cement that anchors the tooth

Answer 18

Peridontal membrane

Question 19

What is the outermost layer of the crown called on a tooth

Answer 19

Enamel

Question 20

What is enamel made of

Answer 20

By cells called ameloblasts

Question 21

What lies within the enamel of the tooth and is similar to bone and produced by cells. What are the cells called

Answer 21

Dentin.

Odontoblasts

Question 22

What does Dentin form

Answer 22

The roots of a tooth

Question 23

What is the innermost portion of a tooth called

Answer 23

The pulp cavity

Question 24

What does the pulp cavity contains

Answer 24

Blood vessels and nerves endings of the trigeminal nerve. 5th cranial

Question 25

What is the tongue made of

Answer 25

Skeletal muscle that is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve. 12th cranial

Question 26

What are the small projections on the upper surface of the tongue

Answer 26

Papillae

Question 27

What do the papillae contain

Answer 27

Taste buds

Question 28

What are the sensory nerves for taste

Answer 28

Also cranial nerves: the facial (7th) and glossopharyngeal (9th)

Question 29

What are other functions of the tongue

Answer 29

Keeping the food between the teeth when chewing and mixing with saliva. Elevation of the town is the first step in swallowing.

Question 30

What is the mass of food called

Answer 30

Bolus

Question 31

Food or bolus is pushed back word with the tongue toward where

Answer 31

The pharynx

Question 32

What is the digestive secretions in the oral cavity

Answer 32

Saliva

Question 33

What produces saliva

Answer 33

Three pairs of salivary glands

Question 34

What three pairs of salivary gland are there

Answer 34

The parotid gland, the submandibular gland, and sub lingual glands

Question 35

Where are the parotid gland located

Answer 35

Just below and in front of the ears

Question 36

Where are the submandibular or submaxillary glands located

Answer 36

Posterior corners of the mandible

Question 37

Where are the sublingual gland located

Answer 37

Below the floor of the mouth

Question 38

What increases saliva secretion

Answer 38

Saliva is continuous but the presence of food increases its secretion

Question 39

What stimulation decreases secretion of saliva

Answer 39

A sympathetic stimulation in a stress situation

Question 40

What does saliva do

Answer 40

It is important to dissolve food for tasting and to moisten food for swallowing

Question 41

What is the digestive enzyme in Saliva

Answer 41

Salivary amylase

Question 42

What does the digestive enzyme salivary amylase do

Answer 42

Breaks down starch molecules to shorter chains of glucose molecules or to maltose a disaccharide

Question 43

Saliva is made from what and contains many of the chemicals found in what

Answer 43

Blood plasma | Plasma

Question 44

What are the food passageways connecting the oral cavity to the esophagus

Answer 44

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 45

What is the pharynx related function to digestion

Answer 45

Swallowing

Question 46

When food is pushed by the time what muscles of the pharynx contract as part of the swallowing reflex

Answer 46

Constrictor muscles

Question 47

What is the reflex center for swallowing

Answer 47

The medulla

Question 48

What actions occur when swallowing

Answer 48

Construction of the pharynx, cessation of breathing, elevation of the soft palate to block the nasopharynx, elevation of the larynx and closure of the epiglottis, and peristalsis of the esophagus

Question 49

When we say food went down the wrong pipe what pipe are we talking about

Answer 49

Larynx

Question 50

What is the muscular tube that takes food from the pharynx to the stomach, no digestion takes place here

Answer 50

Esophagus

Question 51

_____ of the esophagus propels food in one direction and ensures that food gets to the stomach even if the body is horizontal or upside down

Answer 51

Peristalsis

Question 52

What circular smooth muscle surrounds the esophagus at the junction with the stomach

Answer 52

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES or cardiac sphincter)

Question 53

What does the lower esophageal sphincter or do

Answer 53

Relaxes to permit food to enter the stomach then contracts to prevent the backup of stomach contents

Question 54

What needs to contract to prevent gastroscope ahead reflux disease

Answer 54

Lower Esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter

Question 55

``` What enzymes are secreted from these organs: Salivary gland Stomach Liver Pancreas Small intestine ```

Answer 55

Amylase Pepsin and HCL BILE SALTS amylase trypsin lipase Peptidases sucrase maltase lactase

Question 56

Function of salivary gland enzyme amylase

Answer 56

Convert starch to maltose

Question 57

Function of pepsin in the stomach

Answer 57

Converts proteins to polypeptides

Question 58

Function of HCl in the stomach

Answer 58

Changes pepsinogen to Pepcid and maintains pH 1–2; destroys pathogens

Question 59

Function of bile salts in the liver

Answer 59

Emulsify fats

Question 60

Function of amylase in the pancreas

Answer 60

Convert starch to Maltose

Question 61

Function of trypsin in the pancreas

Answer 61

Converts polypeptides to peptides

Question 62

Function of lipase in the pancreas

Answer 62

Converts emulsified fats to fatty acids and glycerol

Question 63

Function of peptidases in the small intestine

Answer 63

Convert peptides two amino acids

Question 64

Function of sucrase in the small intestine

Answer 64

Convert sucrose to glucose and fructose

Question 65

Function of maltase in the small intestine

Answer 65

Converts maltose to glucose

Question 66

Function of lactase in the small intestine

Answer 66

Convert lactose to glucose and galactose

Question 67

What are the four layers of the alimentary tube

Answer 67

Mucosa, sub mucosa, external muscle layer, and serosa

Question 68

Which layer lines the alimentary tube and is made of epithelial tissue, a real are connected tissue, and two thin layers of smooth muscle

Answer 68

Mucosa

Question 69

In the esophagus what type of epithelium tissue is it

Answer 69

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 70

In the stomach and intestines what kind of epithelium is it

Answer 70

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 71

What secretes the mucus to lubricate the passage of food and then secrete digestive enzymes of the stomach and small intestine

Answer 71

Epithelium

Question 72

What is located just below the epithelium with in the areolar connective tissue

Answer 72

Lympth nodules

Question 73

What do the Lympth nodules contain

Answer 73

Lymphocytes to produce antibodies | Macrophages to phagocytize bacteria that gets through the epithelium

Question 74

What is important in the stomach and small intestine for absorption

Answer 74

The thin layers of smooth muscle create folds in the mucosa so the epithelial cells touch with the contents of the organ

Question 75

What is the sub mucosa made of

Answer 75

Areole are connected tissue with blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Question 76

What is also located in the submucosa and is referred to as the "brain of the gut"

Answer 76

Nerve fibers which are part of the enteric nervous system

Question 77

What functions the enteric nervous system

Answer 77

It functions independently of the CNS, but is also influenced by the autonomic nervous system

Question 78

What are the nerve networks called in the submucosa of the alimentary tube

Answer 78

Meissner's plexus

Question 79

What do the nerve networks in the sub mucosa do

Answer 79

Innervate the mucosa to regulate secretions

Question 80

What type of impulses to the enteric neurons will increase secretions and what decrease secretions

Answer 80

Parasympathetic impulses | Sympathetic impulses

Question 81

What type of neurons are also present to the smooth muscle and can be stretched or cramped making a painful

Answer 81

Sensory neurons

Question 82

What neurons are also present in the smooth muscle and are in the blood vessels which regulate vessel diameter and blood flow

Answer 82

Motor neurons

Question 83

What are the two layers of the external muscle layer in the alimentary tube

Answer 83

And inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

Question 84

In the esophagus what layer of muscle is in the upper third and what is in the lower portion

Answer 84

Striated muscle in the upper third and smooth muscle in the lower portion

Question 85

How many layers of smooth muscle does the stomach have

Answer 85

Three

Question 86

The one-way contractions of peristalsis in the external muscle layer will move the food where

Answer 86

Anus

Question 87

What is the portion of the enteric nervous system in the external muscle layer

Answer 87

Auerbachs plexus or myenteric plexus

Question 88

What type of impulses decrease contraction and peristalsis

Answer 88

Sympathetic impulses

Question 89

What type of impulses increase contractions and peristalsis promoting normal digestion

Answer 89

Parasympathetic impulses

Question 90

What are the Vegas (10th cranial nerves)

Answer 90

Parasympathetic nerves