digestion Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
macronutrients
A
- nutrient required in large amounts
- give us energy
ex. fats, proteins, carbohydrates
2
Q
micronutrients
A
- any nutrient required in small amounts
- essential
- does not give us energy
ex. viatmins and minerals
3
Q
non-essential nutrients
A
can be made by the body
4
Q
essential nutrients
A
must come from an external source
5
Q
macromulecules
A
- what the body is made up of
- large, complex organic molecules
6
Q
dehydration synthesis
A
- build up of proteins
- water is removed and molecules bond
- anabolic process
7
Q
hydrolosis
A
- break down proteins
- catabolic process
8
Q
carbohydrates
A
- sugars and starches
- provide the body with energy
- composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
9
Q
monosaccharides
A
- smallest repeating unit of a carbohydrate
- glucose, fructose, galactose
- absorbed by diffusion and active transport
10
Q
isomer
A
same chemical formula but different arrangements
11
Q
disaccharide
A
-2 monosccharides
- sucrose, lactose, maltose
- broken down in the small intestine (duodenum)
TO HELP REMEMBER
cookies have sucrose, which you dip in your tea which has lactose in the milk, in which you have poured honey
12
Q
glycosidic bond
A
is formed between each monosaccharide
13
Q
polysaccharide
A
- complex carbohydrates or starches
- break down in the mouth by salivary amylase then finish their breakdown in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase
ex. fibre, starch, cellulose, glycogen
14
Q
lipids/fats
A
- build cell membranes, insulation, and protection
- composed of C,H,O
- break down into glycerol and fatty acid
- energy storage
- broken down by lipase
15
Q
triglycerides
A
- used for storing energy
- 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
16
Q
phospholipids
A
- 1 glycerol + 1 negative phosphate + 2 fatty acids
- make up cell membrane
17
Q
steroids
A
- form sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
- found in cell membrane
18
Q
wax
A
- long chain of fatty acids and alcohol or carbon ring
19
Q
unsaturated fatty acids
A
- liquid at room temperature
- have at least one double carbon bond
20
Q
saturated fatty acids
A
- no double carbon bond
- solid at room temperature
21
Q
proteins
A
- part of cell structures, cell membranes, and transport systems
- can be enzymes
- built of amino acids
22
Q
polypeptide
A
- chain of amino acids bonded by a peptide bond
23
Q
catalyst
A
- enzyme
- not consumed in the reaction
- but will return to the same form after the reaction has completed
24
Q
enzyme
A
protein catalysts that speed up reactions
- end in “ase”
25
active site
the part of the enzyme that binds with the substrate
26
metabolism
all chemical reactions in a cell
27
catabolism
breakdown of complex chemicals to simpler molecules
- part of metabolism
28
anabolism
combining simple molecules into complex chemicals
- part of metabolism
29
monomer
one sugar
ex. glucose
30
polymer
many sugars
ex. starch
31
organ system
cells --> tissues --> organ --> organ system --> organism
32
digestive system
- maintains micro and macromolecules
- eliminates unnecessary compounds and waste
33
ingestion
eating/drinking to send nutrients into the digestive system
34
digestion
physical and chemical breakdown of nutrients so the resulting smaller molecules can go into the blood
35
absoption
blood accepts the tiny molecules for transport to all body cells
36
egestion
NOT excretion
- removal of non-digested particles
37
induced fit model
the active site is slightly altered when the substrate attaches
38
cofactors and coenzymes
are vitamins or minerals that work with the enzyme
39
factors that affect enzyme function
- pH
- substrate concentration
- enzyme concentration
- temperature
40
feedback inhibition
the natural process to slow down a reaction to maintain homeostasis
EX. a cell does not need to break down glucose if there is enough energy available for the cell to use
41
competitive inhibitors
molecules that have a similar shape to the the substrate that block the substrate from the active site(s)
42
the mouth
- physical and chemical digestion
- salivary glands release amylase within the saliva
43
chemical digestion
bonds are broken
44
physical/mechanical digestion
breaking the material into smaller pieces of the same material
45
epiglottis
- in the mouth
- a respiratory protector
46
esophogus
- in the mouth
- many smooth muscles that contrct rythmically to move the bolus
47
the bolus
- in the mouth
- mixes with gastric juices to make chyme
48
mucus
- in the stomach
- protect the stomach from digesting itself
49
pepsinogen
- inactive enzyme
- digests proteins
- activated by hydrochloric acid and becomes pepsin
50
pepsin
breaks down large proteins into smaller polypeptides
51
duodenum
- chemical digestion
- peptides are broken into amino acids
- lipids are broken into glycerol and fatty acids
- starch and disaccharides is broken down to monosaccharides
52
jejunum
absorption of macronutrients
53
the large intestine
absorbs water, salt, vitamins, and minerals
54
accessory organs
- essential
- do not make up part of the digestive tract
55
liver
- produces bile
- stores glycogen
56
glycogen
extra glucose is stored as glycogen
57
bile
physically breaks down the fat
- in the liver
58
gall bladder
storage facility for bile
59
pancreas
-releases enzymes
such as lipase, trypsinogen, amylase, and HCO3-
60
bicarbonate ion
HCO3-
- neautralizes acis from the stomach
61
bile
- chemical that performs physical digestion
- made in the liver
- stored in the gall bladder
62
pancreatic fluid
- trypsin
- pancreatic
- lipase
- bicarbonate
63
buffer
mixture of a weak acid and its weak base to create a stable pH
64
starch is broken down into:
glucose makes up
65
proteins are broken down into:
amino acids make up
66
lipids are broken down into:
fatty acids + glycerol make up
67
amino acids
absorbed through transport proteins (active transport)
68
glycerol and fatty acids
diffuse then are absorbed into the lymph vessel
69
enzymes to know:
- salivary amylase
- pancreatic amylase
- carbohydrates
- lipase
- pepsin
- trypsin
- peptides
