Digestion Flashcards
Final exam prep (224 cards)
1
Q
________ contains substances and energy the body needs to construct all cell components
A
Food
2
Q
Is food in a suitable state for us to use? what has to happen then?
A
Not suitable, to use as an E source it has to be broken down into molecules small enough to cross the plasma membranes of cells
3
Q
Digestion is the _______ and _______ breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb.
A
mechanical and chemical
4
Q
what carries out these processes?
A
Organs of the digestive system carry out these processes, as well as ingestion, propulsion, absorption and defecation.
5
Q
The GI tract contains the food from the time it is eaten until it is digested or prepared for _________
A
elimination
6
Q
The medical professions that study the structures, functions, and disorders of the digestive tract are ________ for the upper end of the system and __________ for the lower end.
A
gastroenterology = upper end
proctology = lower end
7
Q
Overview: what are the 2 major sections of the digestive system?
A
- digestive tract
- accessory structures
8
Q
The ______ _________is the tube open at both ends (mouth and anus) for the transit of food during processing
A
digestive tract
9
Q
what are the functional segments of the GI tract
A
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
10
Q
The tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the
A
accessory structures
11
Q
The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into ____ regions or, by another scheme, into four quadrants. What do these describe?
A
9 regions
locations of abdominopelvic organs
12
Q
R & L Hypochondirac regions: where is it and what organs are there
A
These are the superior regions on the outside (R: liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small intestine) (L: spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas)
13
Q
Epigastric Region: where is it and what organs are there
A
The center superior region (stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands)
14
Q
R & L Lumbar Regions: where is it and what organs are there
A
These are the middle regions on the outside (R: gallbladder, liver, right colon) (L: descending colon, left kidney)
15
Q
Umbilical Region: where is it and what organs are there
A
The most central region (navel, parts of the small intestine, duodenum)
16
Q
R & L Iliac regions: where is it and what organs are there
A
These are the inferior regions on the outside (R: appendix, cecum) (L: descending colon, sigmoid colon)
17
Q
Pubic regions: where is it and what organs are there
A
This the inferior middle region (urinary bladderm sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs)
18
Q
Describe the clinical application of bowel sounds (what are they supposed to sound like, what sound might be an issue?)
A
Place a stethoscope in each of the 4 quadrants and looking to hear high pitched gurgles that occur at every 5-15 seconds. Less frequent (intestinal pause) or loud (inflammation, diarrhea) can indicate something wrong.
19
Q
What are the seven basic processes of digestion
A
- ingestion
- secretion
- mixing and propulsion
- digestion (mech and chem)
- absorption
- compaction
- defaction
20
Q
- _________ : the taking of food in the mouth
A
ingestion
21
Q
- _________ is the release by cells, of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the tract.
A
secretion
22
Q
- _______ and _________ : the movement of food through the alimentary canal which includes peristalsis (wavelike contractions of smooth muscle) to move it through the canal
A
mixing and propulsion
23
Q
what are the 2 components of digestion
A
mechanical and chemical digestion
24
Q
a. ________ digestion : physically prepares food for digestion by enzymes by breaking it into smaller pieces (ie chewing, churning food in stomach, and segmentation)
A
mechanical
25
b. _______ digestion : A series of complex food molecules are broken down to their chemical building blocks (enzymes)
chemical
26
5. __________: the transport of digested end products from the lumen of the alimentary canal into the blood and lymphatic capillaries located in the wall of the canal
Absorption
27
6. __________ is the absorbing of water and consolidation of indigestible residue into feces.
compaction
28
7. __________: the elimination of indigestible substances from the body as feces
defecation
29
The digestive tract is a muscular tube about ____ meters long that extends from mouth to anus through the ventral cavity.
8
30
Part of this, the stomach and intestines, constitute the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The _______ __________ just refers to the muscular tube extending from mouth to anus.
alimentary canal
31
B. The basic arrangement of layers from the inner to outer surface includes the _______, _________, _________, and _______
mucosa, submocosa, muscularis, and serosa
32
what 3 things make up the mucosa (innermost layer)
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosa
33
__________: covers the surface and performs functions of absorbing nutrients and secreting mucus, contains intrinsic glands
epithelium
34
_______ ________: loose areolar CT whose capillaries nourish the lining epithelium and absorb digested nutrients
lamina propria
35
______ ________: a thin layer of smooth muscle that produces local movements of the mucosa
muscularis mucosa
36
2. __________: A layer of CT containing major blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers
submucosa
37
a. The submucosal ______ : It is a network of neurons, ganglia, and nerve fibers that’s purpose is to regulate glandular secretion and blood flow
plexus
38
3. Muscularis: the “________ layer”
muscular
39
a. _____________ plexus: It is between longitudinal and circular muscle layers, its job is to regulate motility which includes contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles of the GI tract
myenteric
40
4. Serosa : ________ layer
outmost
41
a. ___________ : an ordinary fibrous CT, as their outer layer
adventitia
42
b. ____________ peritoneum :It directly covers and lines the external surface of most abdominal organs, including parts of the GI tract (stomach, small intestine, and colon)
visceral
43
The ____________ is the largest serous membrane of the body
peritoneum
44
The peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominal cavity and gives rise to connective tissue sheets called ____________
mesenteries
45
1. ________ peritoneum : It lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and is sensitive to pain and pressure
parietal
46
2. _________ peritoneum : covers the external surfaces of abdominal organs and forms mesenteries that support and suspend these organs
visceral
47
3. __________ cavity: It is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum, containing a small amount of serous fluid to reduce friction between abdominal organs
peritoneal
48
B. _______________ organs: have both a serosa (on the anterior side) and adventitia (on the posterior side)
retroperitoneal
49
C. The peritoneum contains large folds (_________) that weave between the viscera, functioning to support organs and to contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves of the abdominal organs.
mesenteries
50
What are the 4 main extensions of the peritoneum?
mesocolon, falciform ligament, lesser omentum, and greater omentum
51
a. ___________: A fold of peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall, supporting its position and providing a pathway for blood vessels and nerves
mesocolon
52
b. _________ _________: binds the anterior aspect of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
falciform ligament
53
c. _____ ________: runs from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum
lesser omentum
54
d. _______ _________: connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall, but in a very roundabout way – it does have a large amount of fat and ability to limit the spread of infections
greater omentum
55
E. _________ is an acute inflammation of the peritoneum.
peritonitis
56
The _________ (oral or buccal cavity) : is a mucosal lined cavity whose boundaries are the lips anteriorly, the cheeks laterally, the palate superiorly, and the tongue inferiorly
mouth
57
_________ breaks up solid particles (chewing = mastication) and prepares food for ________ digestion thru saliva
mechanically
chemical
58
what are the 2 parts of the tongue
1. lingual frenulum
2. papillae
59
________ _________: A fold of mucosa on the undersurface of the tongue, it secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements
lingual frenulum
60
___________: Peglike projections of the mucosa, contains the taste buds
papillae
61
1. The teeth are the hardest structures in the body and are collectively called ___________
dentition
62
2. The teeth project into the mouth and are adapted for ___________ digestion (mastication).
mechanical
63
A typical tooth consists of three principal portions:
- crown
- root
- neck
64
________: underlies the enamel cap and forms the bulk of the tooth
dentin
65
_______: The surface of the crown, is covered by this layer which is the hardest substance in the human body (0.96-1.6 mm thick)
Enamel
66
There are two dentitions, or sets of teeth, in an individual’s lifetime, what are they called
primary and secondary
67
_______ (__________) : the first set of teeth which is later replaced by the permanent teeth, the roots are resorbed until these teeth lossen/fall out (age 6-12 yo)
primary (deciduous)
68
___________ (_________) : Usually, by adolescence all these teeth have erupted and replaces the primary teeth (32 teeth)
secondary (permanent)
69
________ : chisel-shaped -> nipping off pieces of food
incisors
70
______: cone-shaped canines -> tear and pierce
cuspids or canines
71
__________ or bicuspids : broad crowns with rounded cusps for grinding food
premolars
72
__________: brown crowns with 4-5 cusps and are the best grinders
molars
73
______ _______: Lie outside the mouth and pour their contents into ducts that empty into the oral cavity; the remainder of saliva comes from buccal glands in the mucous membrane that lines the mouth.
salivary glands
74
_________ lubricates and dissolves food and starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates and lipids. It also functions to keep the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat moist.
saliva
75
Salivation is entirely under ________ control.
nervous
76
T or F: There are many, many salivary glands in the oral cavity.
T
77
_________ salivary glands: keep the mouth moist at all times, scattered within the mucosa of the tongue, palate, lips, and cheeks
intrinsic
78
_______: tongue movements also mix the food with saliva anf form it into this compact mass which is pushed down the pharynx
bolus
79
What are the 3 extrinsic salivary glands
1. parotid glands
2. submandibular glands
3. sublingual glands
80
which one secretes digestive enzymes
parotid glands
81
which ones secrete primarily serous fluid and some mucus
submandibular glands
82
which one secrete primarily mucus
sublingual glands
83
What are mumps? what are some the symptoms?
A virus that spreads from one person to another in the saliva, the main symptom is inflammation and swelling of the parotid gland (chewing is hard)
84
What are the 3 components of the pharynx
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
85
_______________: It is a muscular passage that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus, facilitating both respiratory and digestive functions.
nasopharynx
86
______________: It is the middle part of the pharynx, located behind the oral cavity, and serves as a passage for both air and food.
oropharynx
87
______________: It is the lower part of the pharynx, located behind the larynx, and directs food into the esophagus and air into the larynx and trachea.
laryngopharynx
88
Swallowing, or deglutition, involves over 22 muscles in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, and is coordinated by the swallowing center in the ________ __________
medulla oblongata
89
what are the 2 stages of swallowing
voluntary and involuntary stage
90
_________ stage where the tongue collects food, presses it against the palate to form a bolus, and pushes it posteriorly into oropharynx against the epiglottis. The epiglottis is tipped backward and the bolus slides past it into the laryngopharynx. As the bolus enters the laryngopharynx, it stimulates tactile receptors and activates the next phase.
voluntary
91
___________- Swallowing begins and the swallowing reflex is triggered. Receptors in the oropharynx stimulate the deglutition center in the medulla. The food bolus is driven downward by constriction of pharyngeal muscles. This begins the pharyngeal stage which moves food from the pharynx to the esophagus.
involuntary
92
The role of the __________ is to secrete mucus and transport food to the stomach.
esophagus
93
The esophagus contains an ______ and a _________ esophageal (cardiac) sphincter.
upper and a lower esophageal sphincter
94
During the esophageal stage of swallowing progressive contractions of the muscularis push the bolus onward. There propulsive contractions are termed ___________
perisalsis
95
__________ ________ (________) disease occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close adequately after food has entered the stomach, resulting in stomach contents refluxing into the inferior portion of the esophagus. HCl from the stomach contents irritates the esophageal wall resulting in heartburn.
Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
96
A. The stomach is a J-shaped, pouch-like organ, that begins at the bottom of the esophagus and ends at the ________ ________, about 25-30 centimeters long.
pyloric sphincter
97
_______: A ring shaped zone encircling the cardial ofirice at the junction with the esophagus
cardia
98
_________: The stomachs dome, is tucked under the diaphragm
fundus
99
_________: The large midportion of the stomach
body
100
__________: The distal, ring-shaped portion of the stomach that joins the small intestine and contains the pyloric sphincter muscle
pyloris
101
________ are folds or ridges in the inner lining of certain organs, such as the stomach, that allow the organ to expand when filled and contract when empty.
rugae
102
It serves as a mixing and holding area for food, begins the digestion of proteins, and continues the digestion of triglycerides, converting a bolus to a liquid called ________. It can also absorb some substances.
chyme
103
In terms of innervation and circulation, the stomach receives parasympathetic nerve fibers from the ______ nerves and sympathetic fibers from the celiac ganglia. It is supplied with blood from the celiac trunk, and all blood drained from the stomach and intestines enters the hepatic portal circulation before returning to the heart.
vagus nerve
104
Histology of the stomach: _________ ________: the surface of the stomach mucosa is dotted with million of these cup-shaped structures
gastric pits
105
________ ________ : located beneath the gastric pits, contain several types of cells that secrete digestive juices and hormones to aid in food digestion
gastric glands
106
What falls under the category of gastric glands
1. mucous neck cells
2. parietal calls
3. chief cells
4. enteroendocrine cells
107
1. ________ _________ cells : occur in the upper ends, or necks of gastric glands, secrete a different type of mucus from that secreted by the surface mucus cells
mucous neck cells
108
2. ________ _________: occur mainly in the middle regions of the glands, produce the stomachs hydrochloric acid (HCL) by pumping hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gland
parietal cells
109
3. _______ cells: occur in the basal parts of the glands, make and secrete the enzymatic protein pepsinogen
chief
110
4. ____________ cells: hormone secreting cells scattered throughout the lining epithelium and glands of the alimentary canal
Enteroendocrine
111
The gastric secretions of the gastric glands produce __ to ___ L of gastric juice per day, composed mainly of water, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin.
2-3
112
The muscularis has three layers of smooth muscle:
- longitudinal
- circular
- inner oblique layer
113
Swallowing center signals stomach to ________ and arriving food stretches the stomach activating gastric motility.
relax
114
__________: gentle ripple of contraction every 20 seconds churns & mixes food with gastric juice. After 30 minutes, these contractions become quite strong.
peristalsis
115
Gastric enzymes begin breaking down proteins, but the stomach is not well-adapted to absorb digestive products. what can be absorbed?
some h2o, electrolytes, certain drugs (aspirin), and alc
116
________ __________ is the periodic release of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.
gastric emptying
117
Most food leaves the stomach 2-6 hours after ingestion. Carbohydrates leave earliest, followed by proteins and then fats. Typical meal is emptied from stomach in _____ hours
4
118
_________ _________: Squirts 1-15 mL of chyme into duodenum of sm intestine. The duodenum neutralizes acids and digests nutrients a little at time.
pyloric sphincter
119
_________ is the forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper GI tract (stomach and sometimes duodenum) through the mouth.
vomiting
120
Vomiting involves multiple muscular actions integrated by the vomiting center of the _________ _________
medulla oblongata
121
Prolonged vomiting, especially in infants and elderly people, can be serious because
the loss of gastric juice and fluids can lead to disturbances in fluid and acid-base balance.
122
The _________ is a spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach, about 12 to 15 cm long and 2.5 cm thick.
pancreas
123
The pancreas is divided into a head, body, and tail and is connected to the duodenum via the _________ duct and __________ duct.
pancreatic duct
accessory duct
124
________ __________ duct: carries digestive enzymes and bicarbonate from the pancreas to the duodenum, where they aid in digestion.
main pancreatic
125
_______ __________ duct: a smaller duct that can also drain pancreatic secretions into the duodenum, typically bypassing the main duct.
accessory pancreatic
126
The pancreas has a dual function as both an
endocrine and exocrine gland
127
About ____% of the pancreas function is exocrine function to secrete digestive juice.
99%
128
_______ (acinar cells): make, store, and secrete at least 22 kinds of pancreatic enzymes capable of digesting the various categories of food stuff
Acini
129
_________ granules: the enzymes are stored in an inactive form in the intracellular secretory granules
zymogen granules
130
Inflammation of the pancreas is called ___________ and can result in trypsin beginning to digest pancreatic cells.
pancreatitis
131
Pancreatic ________ is nearly always fatal and is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the United States.
cancer
132
The ______ is the largest internal organ and is located in the upper-right abdominal quadrant just beneath the diaphragm filling most of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It has many functions, of which only one, the secretion of bile, contributes to digestion.
liver
133
The _________ is a sac located in a depression on the inferior surface of the liver between the right and quadrate lobes - 10 cm long that stores and concentrates bile.
gallbladder
134
a. The liver is divisible into left and right lobes, separated by the _________ ________
falciform ligament
135
Associated with the right lobe are the _________ and ___________ lobes.
caudate and quadrate lobes
136
The liver receives a double supply of blood from the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein. All blood eventually leaves the liver via the _______ ________
hepatic vein
137
what structures all drain into the hepatic portal vein which takes blood to the liver
- inferior mesenteric vein (large intestine)
- the splenic vein (spleen)
- the gastric vein (stomach)
- the superior mesenteric vein (small intestine, first 2 section of colon)
138
the interior of the lobes of the liver are made up of tiny tubules called _________(the functional units of the liver) that contain hepatic cells (liver cells or hepatocytes), sinusoids, stellate reticuloendothelial (Kupffer’s) cells, and a central vein.
lobules
139
________ : shaped like a hexagonal solid and consists of hepatocyctes
lobule
140
__________: plates of liver cells radiating out from the central vein
hepatocytes
141
_________ : large capillaries, receive blood from both the portal arteriole and venule and carry blood inward to reach the central vein
sinusoids
142
what type of endothelium is in the liver
fenestrated endothelium.
143
______ _____ ______ : carry nutrient-rich blood from the stomach and intestine
hepatic portal vein
144
________ _______ _______ : carrying oxygen-rich blood to the liver
hepatic arterial blood
145
The hepatocytes _________ nutrients from this and also remove and degrade hormones, toxins, bile pigments, and drugs. The hepatocytes also secrete albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen, and other factors into the blood.
absorb
146
________ _______ (Kupffer cells) : destroy bacteria and other foreign particles in the blood flowing past them
Hepatic macrophages
147
Blood flows into central vein ->
into hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava
148
__________ : “little canals” that lie between adjacent hepatocytes
canaliculi
149
________ is secreted by hepatocytes.
Bile
150
________ _________: The cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct from the liver to form this, which empties into the duodenum
bile ducts
151
_______ _________ : carry bile from the respective liver lobes
hepatic ducts
152
________ _______ _______: the L and R hepatic ducts fuse to form this structure, which extends inferiorly toward the duodenum
common hepatic duct
153
_________ ________ : gallbladders duct
cystic duct
154
_________ ______ _______ : a tube that carries bile from the gallbladder and liver to the duodenum to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.
common bile duct
155
____________ : it is a junction where the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct merge, releasing their contents (bile and pancreatic enzymes) into the duodenum
ampulla
156
________ is a yellowish/greenish fluid that is partially an excretory product (pigments from worn-out red blood cells – bilirubin and biliverdin) and partially a digestive secretion (water, bile salts, pigments, cholesterol, electrolytes).
Bile
157
Bile salts aid in the digestion of ______; all other components of the bile are wastes destined for excretion
fats
158
the bile are wastes destined for excretion; if these wastes become excessively concentrated, they may form ________
gallstones
159
Bile gets into the gallbladder by first filling the ______ _____, then overflowing into the gallbladder.
bile duct
160
Between meals, the gallbladder absorbs water and electrolytes from the bile and concentrates it by a factor of ___ to ____ times. 500 to 1000 mL bile are secreted daily from liver
5-10 times
161
About 80% of bile acids are
reabsorbed in the small intestine (returned to the liver to hepatocytes)
162
2. The 20% that is not reabsorbed is excreted in
feces - bodys only way of eliminating excess cholesterol
163
The fusion of individual _________ of cholesterol is the beginning of 95% of all gallstones.
crystal
164
What can cause gallstones and what does it do to the body?
Too much cholesterol or too few salts can lead to crystallization of cholesterol in the gallbladder, producing gallstones that can plug the cystic duct and cause agonizing pain when the gallbladder or its duct contracts. Can see w/ ultrasound, surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder (laparoscopic cholecystectomy)
165
_________: is a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, sclera (white part of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood, which can result from liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or excessive red blood cell breakdown.
Juandice
166
The ______ ________ is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine.
small intestine
167
Once chime leaves the stomach, it enters the small intestine and is mixed with secretions from the _________ and _______
pancreas and liver
168
Nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the _______ _________, and transports the remaining residue to the large intestine.
small intestine
169
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
170
1. __________– 8-10 inches. Here stomach acid is neutralized, fats are emulsified by bile acids, pepsin is inactivated by elevated pH, and pancreatic enzymes take over chemical digestion.
duodenum
171
2. _________ – 8ft. Most digestion and nutrient absorption occur here.
jejunum
172
3. _______ - 12 ft
ileum
173
1. _______ _________: are permanent, transverse ridges of mucosa and submucosa
circular folds
174
2. ________: fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety texture, much like the soft nap of a towel
villi
175
________ : lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that take up lipids
lacteal
176
__________: Immotile, cellular projections of the free surface of most epithelia; microvilli anchor sheets of mucus or increase SA for abs
microvilli
177
_________ ___________: Contain many mitochondria because the uptake of digested nutrients is an energy-demanding process
absorptive enterocytes
178
______ _______: Individual mucus-secreting cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts
goblet cells
179
____________ cells: hormone secreting cells scattered throughout the lining epithelium and glands of the alimentary canal
enteroendocrine
180
_________: secrete intestinal juice, a water liquid that mixes with chyme in the intestinal juice
crypts
181
Small intestine: In addition to mucous-secreting goblet cells, there are many specialized mucous-secreting glands that secrete a thick, ________ mucus in response to certain stimuli.
alkaline
182
What regulates the small intestine
1. mucus secretion -> presence of chyme
2. distension of the intestinal wall -> nerve plexuses
3. parasymp reflexes -> intestinal enzymes
183
Abs in small intestine: Absorption is the passage of the end products of digestion from the GI tract into blood or lymph and occurs by (4)
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
184
The small intestine carries on mixing movements that include: (2)
-Segmentation – ring-like contractions that churn chyme back and forth
-Peristalsis – pushing movements that propel chyme
185
The ______ _________ is about 1.5 m (5 ft) long and 6.5 cm (2.5 in.) in diameter in a cadaver and extends from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus. It consists of four regions: the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
large intestine
186
_______: The blind-ended pouch at the beginning of the large intestine
cecum
187
_______ ________: is a sphincter muscle located at the junction between the ileum (the last part of the small intestine) and the cecum (the first part of the large intestine), controlling the flow of chyme and preventing backflow into the small intestine.
ileocecal valve
188
__________: blind tube that opens into the posteromedial wall of the cecum
appendix
189
What is appendicitis?
Acute inflammation of the appendix, results from a blockage that traps infectious bacteria within its lumen. If it ruptures, bacteria andfeces are released into the peritoneum, causing peritnotis. Surgical removal = appendectomy
190
What are the 4 parts of the colon
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
191
____________: ascends along the right side of the posterior abdominal wall in a secondarily retroperitoneal position and the level of the right kidney, with a right angle turn (right colic flexure)
ascending
192
___________: extends intraperitoneal to the left across the peritoneal cavity, left colic flexure
transverse
193
____________: descends along the left side of the posterior abdominal wall again in a secondarily retroperitoneal position
descending
194
__________: inferiorly, the colon becomes intraperitoneal and enters the true pelvis as the S-shaped area
sigmoid
195
__________: pouches (sacculations) of the colon
haustra
196
________: Descends along the inferior half of the sacrum in a secondarily retroperitoneal position
Rectum
197
_____: It begins where the rectum passes through the levator ani, the muscle that forms the pelvic floor
Anus
198
_________ : Varicose veins of the hemorrhoidal veins in the anal canal (caused by straining)
Hemoorhoids
199
The _______ anal sphincter : smooth muscle, invol
internal
200
The _________ anal sphincter : skeletal muscle, vol to inhibit defication
external
201
Mechanical movements of the large intestine include
haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass peristalsis.
202
1. Haustral contractions occur every ____ minutes - distension of a haustrum stimulates it to contract.
30
203
Mass movements occur ___ to ____ times a day (a bowel movement) triggered by reflexes.
1-3 times a day
204
Mass mvts fill the stomach and duodenum which stimulates motility -> how much does it move residue with every contraction
several centimeters
205
The large intestine takes about ____ to_____ hours to reduce the residue of a meal to feces.
12-24
206
The large intestine harbors about ______ species of bacteria collectively called the bacterial flora which ferment cellulose & other undigested carbohydrates.
800
207
1. The large intestine absorbs
- water
-electrolytes
- some vitamins
208
2. Feces consist of _______ & _______ (bacteria, mucus, undigested fiber, fat & sloughed epithelial cells)
water and solids
209
Where does most of absorption take place in the small or large intestine
small intestine
210
3. Although most water absorption occurs in the small intestine, the large intestine absorbs enough to make it an important organ in maintaining the body’s _______ balance.
water
211
Feces are 75% ______ and 25% solids. The solids are 30% bacteria, 30% undigested dietary fiber, 10% to 20% fat, and smaller amounts of protein, sloughed cells, salts, mucus, and other secretions.
water
212
Bacteria produce intestinal _______, which is a less desirable effect. The average person produces _____ mL per day. Most is swallowed air but it can contain methane, hydrogen sulfide, indole & skatole that produce the odor.
gas
500 mL
213
__________: feces are expelled
defectation
214
Explain how defecation is a reflex
Mediated by the sacral spinal cord, this parasympathetic reflex signals the walls of the sigmoid colon and rectum to contract and the internal anal sphincters to relax
215
___________ refers to frequent defecation of liquid feces. It is caused by increased motility of the intestine and can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
Diarrhea
216
What is diarrhea caused by?
electrolyte imbalances and dehydration
217
____________ refers to infrequent or difficult defecation and is caused by decreased motility of the intestines, in which feces remain in the colon for prolonged periods of time. It may be alleviated by increasing one’s intake of dietary fiber and fluids.
constipation
218
Can dietary fiber be classified as both insoluble (doesnt dissolve) and soluble (dissolves)
yes
219
What does insoluble fiber and what does soluble do for you that is possible
- insoluble = colon cancer
- soluble = lower chol
220
______ _________: oversecretion of stomach acid, craterlike erosions of the mucosa in any region of the alimentary canal that is exposed to stomach secretions, many in pyloric region (gastric ulcers)
peptic ulcers
221
_________ _________ ____________: a noncontagious, periodic inflammation of this wall (cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and intestinal bleeding)
inflammatory bowel disease
222
what is the difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?
- Crohn's Disease (more serious, deep ulcers and fissures developing along the entire intestine)
- Ulcerative colitis: shallow inflammation of the mucosa of the large intestine, mainly in the rectum
223
_______ __________: inflammation of the liver is largely of viral origin (flulike symptoms and jaundice) (Type A, B, C, G)
viral hepatitis
224
How does cystic fibrosis (CF) play a role on the pancreas
It disrupts the resp system but also the bile ducts and liver all become blocked with thick secretions -> most serious: clogged ducts prevent the pancreatic juices from reaching the small intestine (bulky feces)
