Muscles Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
What are some different shapes that the fascicles can be organized into?
A
circular, parallel, convergent, and pennate
2
Q
What do the arrangement of fascicles influence?
A
ROM and power of a muscle
3
Q
Most movements are coordinated by several skeletal muscles, do they work in groups or individually?
A
Groups
4
Q
Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing pairs at joint, the opposing force is called the
A
antagonistic
5
Q
A muscle that causes a desired action is referred to as the
A
primer mover (agonist)
6
Q
The one that produces the opposite action is called the
A
antagonist
7
Q
What is the name for the muscle that steadies a movement that prevents unwanted movements and helps the prime mover function more efficiently
A
synergists
8
Q
Some synergists muscles in a group also act as ________, which stabilize the origin of the prime power so it can act more efficiently
A
fixators
9
Q
_____ of muscles provide information about the muscle; like location, shape, relative size of the muscle, direction of the fascicles and muscle fibers, location of attachments, number of origins, and actions
A
Name
10
Q
How many muscles are in the human body?
A
600+
11
Q
What kind of connective tissue divides the limb muscles into compartments
A
dense fibrous CT
12
Q
What are the pairs of two muscles of opposing action called
A
agonist/antagonist pairs
13
Q
A single named ______ usually innervates each compartment
A
nerve
14
Q
what are the 2 compartments of the upper limb
A
anterior and posterior
15
Q
what are the 3 compartments of the thigh
A
anterior, posterior, and medial
16
Q
What are the 3 compartments of the leg
A
anterior, posterior, and lateral
17
Q
______ anatomy is the study of external landmarks of the body and of the internal
structures that may be observed or palpated through the body surface.
A
surface
18
Q
How can muscles of the head and neck be grouped?
A
muscles of facial expression, muscles of chewing and swallowing, and muscles that move the head as a whole
19
Q
_______ muscles are responsible for facial expressions
A
facial
20
Q
what layer do facial muscles lie in?
A
subcutaneous layer
21
Q
Face bones originate in the fascia or skull bones and insert where?
A
on the skin
22
Q
Because of facial muscle insertions, they move the skin rather than the ______
A
joint
23
Q
The levator palpebrae superioris that raises the upper eyelid is innervated by the oculomotor nerve which is what
A
CN III
24
Q
- The two muscles of the scalp are connected to each other by the epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica); they are often called the ____________ or occipitofrontalis muscle:
A
epicranius
25
Which muscle raises the eyebrows
frontalis
26
What does the occipitalis do?
retracts the scalp
27
What does the orbicularis do (circles the eye)
closes the eye in blinking, squinting, and sleep
28
What does the levator palpebrae superioris do?
elevates the upper eyelid to open the eye
29
What does the corrugator supercilli do and what is it a common site for?
draws eyebrows together "frown" , common site for botox
30
what does the orbicularis oris do?
closes the mouth, puckers the lips (kissing)
31
what is the difference between the zygomatic major and minor muscle?
zygomatic minor = snarl
zygomatic major = smile (pull mouth upward -> laughing)
32
The buccinator forms the muscular portion of the _______, this compresses against the teeth (hold food)
cheek
33
What are some of the functions of the buccinator
whistling, blowing, sucking, and chewing
34
The ______ is a large sheet of muscle in the cervical and mental region
platysma
35
what facial expression does the platysma make?
horror or suprise (draws lip lower and opens mouth wide)
36
The extrinsic eye muscles are the 6 muscles attached to the walls of the orbit and to the external surface of the eyeball; they _____ the eye
move
37
6 eye muscles: ____ rectus muscles and ____ oblique muscles
4 rectus muscles and 2 oblique muscles
38
what are the 3 muscles that move the eye laterally?
lateral rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique
39
lateral rectus
moves eye laterally
40
medial rectus
moves eye medially
41
superior rectus
elevates eye and turns it medially
42
inferior rectus
depresses eye and turns it medially
43
inferior oblique
elevates eye and turns it laterally
44
superior oblique
depresses eye and turns it laterally
45
T or F: Muscles of chewing and swallowing may contribute to facial expression, but are primarily concerned with the manipulation of food.
True
46
What are the functions of the temporalis
elevates, retracts, L and M mandible movement
47
What does the masseter do?
elevates the mandible w/ smaller roles in protraction, retraction, and excursion
48
is the masseter or the temporalis the primary mover of jaw closure
masseter
49
What is the main difference between the lateral and medial pterygoid?
lateral pterygoid = depresses and protracts mandible
medial pterygoid = elevates and protracts mandible
50
Muscles that move the head as a whole originate on the vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle, and insert on the cranial bones; a particular muscle may cause a _________ movement of the head (toward the side opposite that of the muscle) or an __________ movement (toward the same side as that of the muscle)
contralateral, ipsilateral
51
The flexors of the neck include 4 muscles, which is the prime mover
sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
52
sternocleidomastoid, when used unilaterally, turns the head from side to side contralaterally; when used bilaterally, it draws the head forward and ______.
down
53
The extensors of the neck are located mainly in the ______ region and tend to hold the head erect or draw it back
nuchal
54
What muscle holds up the head and neck
trapezius
55
What does the trapezius do to the scapula
stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates scapula
56
The splenius capitis produces ipsilateral flexion when acting unilaterally and ______ the head when acting bilaterally.
extend
57
The splenius capitis has an antogonistic relationship with which muscle
SCM
58
the main role of the splenius capitis is
extension
59
what are the 3 main categorizes for muscles of the trunk
respiration, support abdominal and pelvic floor, and mvmt of vertebral column
60
the muscles involved in _______ include those that enclose the thoracic cavity: the diaphragm; external intercostal muscles; and internal intercostal muscles
respiration
61
The diaphragm is the prime mover of _________ (responsible for 2/3 of air intake) DOME
inspiration
62
What is the main difference between the external intercostals and internal intercostals
external intercostals = pull ribs together to ELEVATE ribcage
internal intercostals = draw ribs together DEPRESS ribcage
63
What are the 3 muscle layers that enclose the lateral abdominal region
2 oblique and 1 transverse
64
The tendons of the oblique and transverse muscles are __________ —broad fibrous sheets.
aponeuroses
65
At the rectus abdominis, these sheets diverge and pass around its anterior and posterior sides, enclosing the muscle in the rectus _______
sheath
66
These sheets meet again at a median line called the ______ ______, between the paired rectus muscles.
linea alba
67
Another line, the linea _________, marks the lateral boundary where the rectus sheath meets the aponeurosis
semilunaris
68
The aponeurosis of the external oblique also forms a cordlike _________ ligament at its inferior margin.
inguinal
69
What is the function of the external abdominal oblique
supports abdominal viscera against gravity, stabilizes the vertebral column, maintain posture, compresses abdominal organs
70
external abdominal oblique: Unilateral contraction causes _________ rotation of the waist.
contralateral
71
The internal abdominal oblique has the same action except that unilateral contraction causes ________ rotation
ispilateral
72
The transverse abdominal compresses abdominal contents but does it contribute to movement?
No
73
The pair of rectus abdominis muscles are divided into segments by three transverse tendinous segments that give the abdomen a “_____ _____” appearance in physically fit individuals.
“six pack”
74
The rectus abdominis FLEXES the lumbar region of the vertebral column, producing
forward bending at the waist
75
muscles of the back primarily _______, rotate, and laterally flex the vertebral column.
extend
76
What are the 2 most prominent superficial back muscles that are concerned with upper limb movement
latissimus dorsi and trapezius
77
Which deep muscle, as it ascends divides the upper lumbar region into 3 parallel columns (run longitudinal)
erector spinae
78
What does the erector spinae do
EXTENSION and lateral flexion
79
what are the layers from lateral to medial
iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis = erector spinae
80
Muscles of the pelvic floor include ____ layers that span the pelvic outlet and support the viscera.
3 layers
81
what muscle is usually tweaked in older adults
quadratus lumborum (flexes)
82
The floor of the pelvic cavity is penetrated by the anal canal, urethra, and vagina, which open into a diamond-shaped region between the thighs called the _________
perineum
83
T or F: 2. The perineum is bordered by four bony landmarks: the pubic symphysis (anterior), the coccyx (posterior), and the two ischial tuberosities (lateral)
True
84
3. The anterior half of the perineum is the _________ triangle, and the posterior half is the _______ triangle.
urogenital triangle
anal triangle
85
what are the 2 muscles in the superficial perineal space
ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
86
Function of the ischiocavernosus
Retards venous drainage and maintains erection of penis or clitoris
87
What is the function of the bulbospongiosus
empties male urethra, assistor in erection of penis/clitoris
88
who is the main man in an errection?
ischiocavernosus
89
6. The deepest compartment, the pelvic diaphragm, consists of two muscle pairs...
the levator ani and the coccygeus
90
what 3 muscles make up the levator ani?
iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, and puborectalis
91
what is the main function of the levator ani
supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera, prevents flow when coughing but lifts anal canal to poop
92
in what circumstances does the levator ani stretch?
pregnancy/obesity
93
The _________ aids the levator ani, pulls coccyx forward when pushed back by defecation/childbirth
coccygeus
94
The limb muscles are organized into spaces called muscle compartments separated by _______ that contain one or more functionally related muscles along with nerve and blood supplies.
fasciae
95
T or F: The upper limb has anterior and posterior compartments, while the lower limb has anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral compartments.
True
96
These compartments are separated by the interosseous membranes of the forearm and leg and by thick fasciae called ________ ______
intermuscular septa
97
Thinner fascia subdivide the muscle groups into ________ and deep layers.
superficial
98
T or F: Muscles acting on the pectoral girdle originate on the axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula.
True
99
what are the 2 major muscles of the anterior group
pectoralis minor and serratus anterior
100
What does the pectoralis minor do?
pulls scap laterally and forward
101
The serratus anterior, with the pectoralis minor, draws the scapula _______ and ________ around the chest wall
laterally and forward
102
what is the serratus anterior the prime mover for?
PUNCHING: forward reaching and pushing acrions "the boxers muscle"
103
The major muscles of the _______ group are the trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor, and rhomboideus mjor (the rhomboids)
posterior
104
Functions of the trapezius
stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates the scapula
105
Function of the levator scapulae
elevates and retracts scap, flexes neck
106
what movement is the levator scapulae known for
shrugging the shoulders
107
What do the rhomboids do?
Retract and stabilize the scapula
108
what movements are the rhomboids best known for
squaring the shoulders
109
Muscles acting on the arm consist of nine muscles that cross the shoulder joint and insert on the ___________
humerus
110
What 2 arm muscles are considered axial muscles and the prime movers of the shoulder joint
pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
111
what are the functions of the pectoralis major
flexes, adducts, and medially rotates
112
What are the functions of the latissimus dorsi
adduction and medially rotate, extends shoulder joint
113
what activity is a great example of the function of the latissimus dorsi?
climbing - backward swing of arm, pulls body forward and upward in climbing
114
what muscle supports prolonged, forceful expiration as in singing or blowing a note on a wind instrument
latissimus dorsi
115
what muscle caps the shoulder and is the most conspicuous (visible) muscle
the deltoid
116
what about the breakdown of the direction of fibers in the deltoid such as anterior, lateral, and posterior fibers
anterior = medially rotate
lateral = abduct
posterior = laterally rotate
117
What does the acronym for the muscles of the rotator cuff and names?
SITS: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
118
The first three muscles lie on the posterior side of the scapula; the fourth, the _________ occupies the subscapular fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula.
subscapularis
119
Which SITS muscle lies above the scapular spine
supraspinatus
120
What are the functions of the supraspinatus?
aids deltoid in abduction
121
What does the supraspinatus do when you are carrying weight or relaxed?
resists downward slippage of the humeral head
122
Which muscle is inferior to the supraspinatus and the largest of the rotator cuff on the posterior side?
infraspinatus
123
what does the infraspinatus do?
modulate the action of the deltoid, prevent humeral head from sliding upward, and rotates humerus laterally
124
what are the functions of the teres MINOR?
modulates action of deltoid, prevents humeral head from sliding upward during abduction and rotates the humerus laterally
125
what rotator cuff muscle occupies the subscapular fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula, between the scapula and ribs
subscapularis
126
what are the functions of the subscapularis?
modulates action of the deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward during abduction, and rotates the humerus medially (bc it is anterior)
127
T or F: The muscles acting on the forearm have bellies found in both the arm and the forearm itself
True
128
What are the 4 motions that the elbow and forearm capable of?
flexion, extension, pronation, and supination
129
Muscles with bellies in the arm (brachium) include the two elbow flexors in the anterior compartment (_______ and __________) and the elbow extender in the posterior compartment (triceps brachii).
brachialis and biceps brachii
130
What is the prime mover of elbow FLEXION?
brachialis
131
How many heads does the bicep branchii have?
2
132
What is the bicep brachii responsible for?
rapid/forceful supination of the forearm
133
what function does the biceps brachii act in synergy with
elbow flexion
134
How many heads does the tricep brachii have?
3 heads
135
What is the prime mover of elbow EXTENSION
triceps brachii, also adducts the humerus
136
Most muscles with bellies in the forearm (antebrachium) act on the wrist and hand, but two are synergists in elbow _______ and three of them function in pronation and supination.
flexion
137
What does the brachioradialis do?
flexes the elbow
138
What is the prime mover of forearm PRONATION?
pronator quadratus
139
what else does the pronator quadratus do -> what does it resist?
resists separation of radius and ulna when force is applied
140
The pronator teres assist the pronator quadratus in pronation, but only in what cases
only in rapid or forceful action (and weakly flexes the elbow)
141
what does the supinator do (if you miss this you are stupid)
supinates the forearm
142
Muscles acting on the wrist and hand include extrinsic muscles in the forearm and intrinsic muscles in the ______ itself
hand
143
The action of the extrinsic muscles is mainly ______ of the wrist and digits
flexion
144
what are some other actions of the extrinsic muscles?
radial and ulnar flexion, finger abduction and addiction, and thumb opposition
145
T or F: Many of them act on the metacarpophalangeal joints and the interphalangeal joints; some tendons cross multiple joints
True
146
Most tendons of the extrinsic muscles pass under a fibrous sheath called the ______ __________ on the anterior side of the wrist or the extensor retinaculum on the posterior side;
extensor retinaculum
147
the _______ _______ is a tight space between the flexor retinaculum and carpal bones.
carpal tunnel
148
Fascia divide the forearm muscles into anterior and posterior compartments, each of which are further divided into _________ and ______ layers.
superficial and deep
149
The anterior compartment, superficial layer, these muscles have the function of
flexion
150
What does the flexor carpi radialis do?
flexes the wrist anteriorly, aids in radial flexion of the wrist
151
what muscle may absent in some individuals? what percentage of people have it missing?
palmaris longus, 14% dont have it
152
How can you tell if you have a palmaris longus?
flex wrist and see if medial tendon pops up
153
what is the function of the palmaris longus
tenses the skin and fascia of the palm
154
what is the function of the flexor carpi ulnaris
flexes wrist anteriorly, aids in ulnar flexion of the wrist
155
what all doe the flexor digitorum superficialis flex?
wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints
156
which fingers specifically does the flexor digitorum superficialis flex
flexes 2nd to 5th fingers
157
The posterior compartment, superficial layer, provides the action of
extension
158
what does the extensor carpi radialis longus do?
extends the wrist, aids in radial flexion of the wrist
159
what does the extensor carpi radialis brevis do?
extends the wrist, aids in radial flexion of the wrist
160
What does the extensor digitorum do?
extends the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalageal joints, spread digits apart.
161
what is the function of the extensor carpi ulnaris
extends and fixes the wrist, aids in ulnar flexion
162
why may the extensor carpi ulnaris be beneficial in fighting?
fixes the wrist when the first is clenched or hand grips
163
The largest muscles are found in the _____ limb.
lower
164
T or F: They can be grouped into those that act on the femur and hip joint, those that act on the leg and knee joint, extrinsic (leg) muscles that act on the foot and ankle joint, and intrinsic (foot) muscles that act on the arches and toes
True
165
The anterior muscles of the hip are the _______ and the ______ _______, collectively termed the iliopsoas. They share a common tendon to the femur.
iliacus and psoas major
166
what does the iliacus do, when trunk and. thigh are fixed
trunk fixed: flexes thigh
thigh fixed: flexes trunk (balances trunk during sitting)
167
does the psoas major have the same actions as the iliacus?
yes
168
what is included in the lateral and posterior muscles
tensor fasciae latae (TFL) and 3 gluteal muscles
169
What does the tensor fasciae latae do?
extend the knee, L and M rotates the tibia, aids in abduction
169
the tensor fasciae latae steadies the pelvis and femur during ________
standing
169
what activities use the gluteus maximus which extends the thigh
stair climbing or running/walking
170
the gluteus maximus also adducts the thigh, what does it do to the trunk?
elevates the trunk and holds it errect
170
what does the gluteus maximus do to the femur
stabilizes the femur on the tibia
170
what do the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus do?
Abduct and medially rotate the thigh
171
what do the gluteus medius and minimus do during walking?
shift the weight of the trunk toward the planted limb when other foot is lifted
172
how do the lateral rotators oppose the action of the gluteus medius and minimus
- lateral rotators = lateral
- medial rotators = glut med and min (OPP)
173
What does the piriformis do?
laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh
174
what muscles are included in the medial (adductor) compartment
adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis
175
main function of the adductor brevis
adduct the thigh
176
what does the adductor longus do?
adducts and medially rotates the thigh
177
if the adductor longus and adductor magnus both adduct and medially rotate, what makes them different
A longus = flexes thigh at hip
A Magnus = extends thigh at hip
178
iii. All of the adductors except the adductor _______ originate both anterior and inferior to the hip, so they are flexors, adductors and medial rotators of the thigh at the hip.
magnus
179
which adductor is the largest
adductor magnus
180
When an athlete pulls a groin muscle, he or she has torn one of the ________ muscle
adductor
181
what does the gracilis muscle do?
(intermost) flexes and medially rotates
182
The anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh contains the quadriceps femoris, which is the prime mover of knee __________ and the most powerful muscle in the body.
extension
183
this compartment also includes the longest muscle in the body, what is it?
sartorius (tailors muscle)
184
Which muscle extends the knee, flexes the thigh at the hip, and flexes the trunk on the hip if the thigh is fixed
rectus femoris
185
which muscle extends the knee and retains the patella in the groove on the femur during knee movements
vastus lateralis
186
which muscle also has the same action as the vastus lateralis?
vastus medialis
187
what is the primary function of the vastus intermedius
extends the knee
188
The sartorius aids in knee/hip flexion; it abducts and laterally rotates the thigh -> what activities is this helpful for?
sitting or climbing
189
The posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh contains three muscles colloquially known as the ____________ muscles.
hamstring (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
190
What does the bicep femoris do?
flexion at knee, extension & LR at hip
191
what action does the biceps femoris counteract?
bending at the hips
192
what are the functions of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus (they are the same)
flexion at knee, extension and medial rotation at hip
193
The posterior compartment of the leg contains one muscle that acts on the knee, the ____________; the others act on the ankle and foot.
popliteus
194
what does the popliteus do when sitting down (femur fixed) vs standing up (tibia fixed)
sitting down (femur fixed) = rotates tib medially
standing up (tibia fixed) = rotates tib laterally
195
the popliteus _____ the knee to allow flexion, prevents dislocation during crouching
unlocks
196
what is the big name for muscles acting on the foot
crural muscles
197
The fasciae separate the crural muscles into _______, _________, and __________ compartments;
anterior, posterior, and lateral
198
which muscle extends the toes, dorsiflexes the foot, and tightens the plantar aponeurosis
extensor digitorum longus
199
which muscle extends the big toe and dorisflexes the foot?
extensor hallicus longus
200
which muscle DF and inverts the foot, resists backward tipping of the body, and helps support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot
tibialis anterior
201
the flexor of the foor are located in the _______ region
sural
202
The first two, the gastrocnemius and the soleus, are collectively known as the _______ _______ and insert on the calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon.
tricep surae
203
which muscle PF the foot, flexes the knee, and is active in walking, running, jumping (most superficial)
gastrocnemius
204
which muscle also plantar flexes the foot and steadies the leg on the ankle during standing (deeper)
soleus
205
The flexor hallucis longus has the same actions as the flexor digitorum longus, but for the ______ toe
big
206
which muscle inverts the foot and may assist in strong plantar flexion or control pronation of the foot during walking
tibialis posterior
207
what two muscles are in the lateral compartment
fibularis (peroneus) brevis and fibularis (peroneus) longus
208
which muscle maintains the concavity of the sole during toe-off and tiptoeing, and may evert the foot and limit inversion and help to steady the leg on the foot
fibularis (peroneus) brevis
209
which muscle maintains concavity of the sole during toe-off and tiptoeing, and everts and plantar flexes the foot
fibularis (peroneus) longus
210
The many intrinsic muscles of the foot help to support the _______ and act on the toes.
arches
