Nervous System

Question 1

What 2 systems help keep the controlled conditions w/in the limits that maintain health and helps to maintain homeostasis

Answer 1

nervous system and endocrine system

Question 2

what is the nervous system respsonsible for (3)

Answer 2

behaviors, memories, and movements

Question 3

C. The study of the nervous system is _____________

Answer 3

neurobiology

Question 4

The branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system is called ____________

Answer 4

neurology

Question 5

The nervous system carries out its coordinating task in three basic steps, what are they

Answer 5

• sensory/afferent function
• integrative function
• motor function

Question 6

Function of: Uses sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body, these are called a stimulus, the gathered info is called a sensory input

Answer 6

sensory/afferent function (PNS -> CNS)

Question 7

function of: processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what should be done at each moment

Answer 7

integrative function

Question 8

function of: Dictates a response by activating the effector organs, our muscles or glands, this is the response

Answer 8

motor function (CNS-> PNS)

Question 9

E. The nervous system has two major anatomical subdivisions… what are they

Answer 9

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 10

what does the CNS consist of?

Answer 10

brain and SC

Question 11

what are the components of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 11

nerves and ganglions

Question 12

what are bundles of fibers that act as the body’s electrical signal system, sending messages between the brain and the rest of the body

Answer 12

nerves

Question 13

what are areas where the cell bodies of neurons are clustered

Answer 13

a ganglion

Question 14

c. The PNS is functionally divided into ________ and ________ divisions.

Answer 14

sensory and motor

Question 15

i. The sensory (afferent) division : conducts impulses from receptors to the ______

Answer 15

CNS

Question 15

which division is responsible for touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception

Answer 15

somatic sensory division

Question 16

what is special about the somatic sensory division

Answer 16

hearing, equilibrium, and vision

Question 17

what is special about visceral sensory

Answer 17

taste and smell

Question 17

which division is stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation in viscera (nausea and hunger)

Answer 17

visceral sensory

Question 18

ii. The motor (efferent) division : conducts impulses from the ______ o the cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

Answer 18

CNS

Question 19

which division is motor innervation to skeletal muscles

Answer 19

somatic motor

Question 20

which division is motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Answer 20

visceral motor

Question 21

what are the 2 sub division of the visceral motor

Answer 21

sympathetic (mobilize system during activity) and parasympathetic (relaxes, rest)

Question 22

Nerve tissue contains 2 types of cells:

Answer 22

neurons and glial cells

Question 23

how do neurons conduct electrical signals?

Answer 23

transmit in the form of action potentials (AP)

Question 24

what is the longevity of a neuron?

Answer 24

extreme longevity, function for a lifetime

Question 25

Are neurons able to divide?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

The metabolic rate of neurons is high meaning that they need constant

Answer 26

O and glucose

Question 27

what are the 3 fundamental physiological properties that enable neurons to communicate with other cells

Answer 27

- excitability - conductivity - secretion

Question 28

T or F: a. Excitability (irritability). All cells are excitable, that is, they respond to stimuli. Neurons have developed this property to the highest degree.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Neurons respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals that are conducted to other cells, this shows their

Answer 29

conductivity

Question 30

When the electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, the neuron secretes a _____________ that stimulates the next cell.

Answer 30

neurotransmitter

Question 31

a. Most neurons, or nerve cells, consist of a cell body (soma), and neuron processes that extend from the cell bodies: many dendrites, and usually a single _______

Answer 31

axon

Question 32

lipofuscin, chromatophilic substances (nissl bodies), and neurofibrils are all part of the ______ _______

Answer 32

cell body

Question 33

Lipofuscin : a brownish pigment that accumulates in cells over time and is also known as the _______ pigment

Answer 33

aging

Question 34

Chromatophilic substances (Nissl bodies) : large clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes that stain _______

Answer 34

darkly

Question 35

iii. Neurofibrils : __________ filaments (run like a network) between chromatophilic substance)

Answer 35

intermediate

Question 36

_______ neuron cell bodies are located within the CNS, however, some clusters of cell bodies (ganglia) lie along the nerves of the PNS.

Answer 36

Most

Question 37

The ______ are branched receptive sites, conduct electrical signals toward the cell body

Answer 37

dendrites

Question 38

the ______ are impulse generators and conductors that transmit nerve impulses AWAY from their cell body

Answer 38

axons

Question 39

Do most axons branch extensively at their distal end

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

thick insulating covering that prevent leakage of current and increase the speed of impulse

Answer 40

myelin sheath

Question 41

iii. Mot neurotransmitters : excite or inhibit the neuron or target organ that are in close contact

Answer 41

motor neurotransmitters

Question 42

what are known as knobs and are involved in neurotransmitter release

Answer 42

axon terminals

Question 43

e. The site of functional contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell is called a _________

Answer 43

synapse

Question 44

Neurons fall into three functional classes based on the three major aspects of nervous system function

Answer 44

- sensory (afferent) neurons - interneurons - motor (efferent) neurons

Question 45

make up the sensory division of the PNS (PNS -> CNS)

Answer 45

sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 46

lie in between motor and sensory neurons. They are multipolar neurons that are confined in the CNS

Answer 46

interneurons

Question 47

carry impulses away from the CNS to effector organs (CNS -> PNS)

Answer 47

Motor (efferent) neurons

Question 48

what can you use to remember nuerons?

Answer 48

SAME

Question 49

classification of neurons: have more than two processes

Answer 49

multipolar

Question 50

classification of neurons: have two processes that extend from opposite sides of the cell body

Answer 50

Bipolar neuron

Question 51

classification of neurons: have a short, single process that emerges from the cell body like an inverted T

Answer 51

unipolar neurons

Question 52

are specialized tissue cells that support neurons, attach neurons to blood vessels, produce the myelin sheath around axons, and carry out phagocytosis.

Answer 52

neuroglia

Question 53

can glia cells divide? How might this be bad?

Answer 53

Cells can divide - rapid mitosis in tumor formation (gliomas).

Question 54

What are the 4 cell types of CNS

Answer 54

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal

Question 55

CNS: most abundant CNS neurolglia

Answer 55

astrocytes

Question 56

CNS: have processes that form myelin shealths around long axons of the CNS

Answer 56

oligodendrocytes

Question 57

CNS: defensive cells in the CNS

Answer 57

microglia

Question 58

CNS: line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities

Answer 58

ependymal

Question 59

what are the 2 main types of PNS cells

Answer 59

Schwann and satellite cells

Question 60

PNS: surround all axons in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around many of these axons

Answer 60

Schwann cells

Question 61

PNS: protective function for PNS fibers

Answer 61

neurolemma

Question 62

PNS: formed by schwann cells

Answer 62

Myelin Sheaths in PNS

Question 63

PNS: myelin sheath gaps allowing impulses to jump

Answer 63

nodes of ranvier

Question 64

PNS: surround neuron cell bodies w/ ganglia (provide support)

Answer 64

satellite cells

Question 65

Clusters of cell bodies include: a. Ganglia : Found in the ____ b. Nuclei : Found in the ______

Answer 65

PNS, CNS

Question 66

collection of axons in the PNS

Answer 66

Axons

Question 67

groups of _______ are bound into bundles called nerve fascicles

Answer 67

axons

Question 68

describe the 3 layers of a nerve (similar to muscle tissue)

Answer 68

- endoneurium. Covering the schawann cells - Perineurium : wrapping over nerve fascicles - epineurium : surrounds whole nerve with tough fibrous sheath

Question 69

White matter is composed of

Answer 69

myelin sheaths

Question 70

Gray Matter is composed of

Answer 70

neuron cell bodies are clustered

Question 71

what are 3 ways plasticity is maintained throughout life (nerve)

Answer 71

1. sprouting of new dendrites 2. synthesis of new proteins 3. changes in synaptic contacts with other neurons

Question 72

Is there a limited ability for regeneration?

Answer 72

Yes

Question 73

Are repairs possible in the CNS?

Answer 73

No

Question 74

Under what conditions can the PNS repair damaged dendrites or axons

Answer 74

1. Neuron cell body remains intact 2. Schwann cells remain active and form a tube 3. Scar tissue does not form too rapidly.

Question 75

A. the _______ ________ serves as an integrating center for spinal reflexes

Answer 75

spinal cord

Question 76

A _______ is an automatic response to a stimulus

Answer 76

reflex

Question 77

T or F: Reflexes may be spinal and cranial in location, and somatic, or autonomic in function. and can even include glandular secretion

Answer 77

true

Question 78

what are learned responses called

Answer 78

conditioned reflexes

Question 79

T or F: A reflex arc is the simplest type of pathway; pathways are specific neuronal circuits and thus include at least one synapse.

Answer 79

True

Question 80

T or F: The five functional components of a reflex arc are the receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center neuron, motor neuron, and effector.

Answer 80

True

Question 81

_________ spinal reflexes include the stretch reflex, tendon reflex, flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and crossed extensor reflex; all exhibit reciprocal innervation

Answer 81

somatic

Question 82

what is an example of a stretch reflex

Answer 82

Tendon Reflex : neural response when a muscle is tapped, causing the muscle to contract (Ie knee tap)

Question 83

________ reflex is a protective response that causes a limb to suddenly pull away from a harmful stimulus, such as heat or pain (ie touching the stove)

Answer 83

withdrawal

Question 84

A reflex action of the toes, normal during infancy but abnormal after 12 to 18 months of age; after locomotion begins, it is indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex and is widely used as a diagnostic aid in disorders of the central nervous system. It is elicited by a firm stimulus (usually scraping) on the sole of the foot, which results in dorsiflexion of the great toe and fanning of the smaller toes. Normally such a stimulus causes all the toes to bend downward. This is called the

Answer 84

Babinski reflex