Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > digestion > Flashcards

digestion Flashcards

1
Q

where does digestion of carbohydrates occur

A

stomach and small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what enzyme digests carbohydrates

A

salivary and pancreatic amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does the digestion of disaccharides (maltose, sucrose, lactose) occur

A

in the epithelial cells of the ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is glucose absorbed

A

ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which comes first - ileum or duodenum

A

duodenum then ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is glucose absorbed in digestion and what is it used for

A

secondary active transport and its used for production of ATP for aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is excess glucose stored in the body

A

stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where are proteins digested

A

stomach and small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

in the stomach, what enzyme digests proteins

A

pepsinogen –> pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is pepsinogen secreted by

A

chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the inactive form of pepsin (pepsinogen) activated by – what is the thing activating it secreted by

A

HCl (oxyntic cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is pepsinogen an endopeptidase or exopeptidase

A

endopeptidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in the duodenum, what endopeptidase enzyme digests proteins

A

trypsinogen –> trypsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is trypsinogen secreted from

A

the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is trypsinogen activated by

A

enterokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in the duodenum, what else is there to digest proteins (apart from endopeptidases)

A

exopeptidases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where are the exopeptidases secreted from and what do they do

A

secreted from the pancreas, breaks down proteins into dipeptides then into amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how are amino acids reabsorbed

A

active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are amino acids used for

A

protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens if there is an excess of amino acids

A

they are deaminated in the liver (converted to urea) - more than what the liver can deal with = converted to fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where are lipids digested

A

duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are lipids digested by (enzyme)

A

lipases (secreted from the pancreas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are lipids digested into

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed

A

diffuse into the villus cells of the ileum, lacteal in the middle of the villi, transported around the lymphatic system until absorbed into the blood system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are lipids used for
electrical insulation, making hormones, forming cell membranes, excess stored as fat
26
what type of digestion occurs in the buccal cavity (mouth)
mechanical and chemical
27
give 3 features of the tongue, lips and teeth
- move food around the mouth - cut, grind and chew food into smaller pieces - forms food into a bolus to make swallowing easier
28
what does salivary amylase convert starch into
starch --> maltose
29
what process does the oesophagus carry out
peristalsis
30
what is peristalsis
contraction of muscles in the gut wall to push the food forward through the whole gut
31
whats the function of the epiglottis
prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea/ vise versa
32
what does the epiglottis do when you begin to swallow
closes - to prevent food from entering the trachea and lungs
33
what type of digestion does the stomach carry out
chemical and mechanical
34
how is mechanical digestion carried out in the stomach
muscles in the stomach contracting and relaxing to mix food with gastric juice and to further breakdown large particles of food into smaller particles with a larger surface area for chemical digestion
35
what is the end result of digestion in the stomach called
chyme (pronounced kyme)
36
what do goblet cells secrete and why is this good
mucus - forms a barrier between the stomach lining and the gastric juice; protects the stomach wall and glands from self-digestion by pepsin and HCl
37
what are the names of the rings of muscle on either end of the stomach
pyloric (connects duodenum and stomach) and cardiac (connects oesophagus and stomach)
38
what are two secretions in the duodenum
bile from the liver, pancreatic juice from the pancreas
39
why does the small intestine have villi
increase the surface area for digestion and absorption
40
where are the crypts of lieberkuhn and what's their function
found at the base of the villi IN THE DUODENUM, they release enterokinase
41
where are the Brunner's glands found and what's their function
in the duodenum, secretes alkaline fluid (containing sodium hydrogencarbonate) and mucus to neutralise the acid chyme from the stomach
42
why does increasing the length of the ileum make it the main site of absorption of digestion
food takes a relatively long time to pass through the ileum, thus increasing the time available for digestion and absorption
43
what increases the surface area in the ileum
villi, also has a rich blood supply to remove the products of digestion
44
where is most of the water in our food absorbed
in the ileum
45
what's the first part of the large intestine called
the caecum
46
what's the function of the caecum in humans and some animals
no role in the human digestive system, in some animals, this is the site of cellulose digestion
47
how would you describe the appendix and what's it's function in humans
blind-ended sac which opens from the caecum, no known role in digestion for humans
48
where is the undigested food and remaining water and minerals passed onto after the appendix/caecum
the colon
49
in the colon, what is absorbed
the rest of the water and mineral salts
50
whats absorbed by the colon
water, mineral salts and vitamins produced by microorganisms
51
what is the faeces made up of
semi-solid mass of undigested food, dead intestinal cells and bacteria
52
how would you describe the rectum
muscular tube that temporarily stores the faeces before they are eliminated from the body
53
what is the anus made from
sphincter muscles that control when defaecation occurs
54
name 3 functions of the liver
- excess glucose is stored as glycogen - amino groups are removed from amino acids (de-amination) and converted into urea - many vitamins are stored in the liver
55
name 2 functions of the pancreas
- ENDOCRINE: secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon for control of blood glucose levels, blood carries secretions to the site of action - EXOCRINE: secretes pancreatic juice (mixture of enzymes and sodium hydrogencarbonate)
56
how and where is bile produced (where is it secreted)
liver produces bile by breaking down haemoglobin, stored in gall bladder and secreted into the duodenum through the bile duct
57
name the layers of the gut wall from outside to inside
serosa, longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, submucosa, mucosa (lumen)
58
what is the serosa
a layer of connective tissue carrying blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
59
what's the function of the muscularis externa (longitudinal and circular muscles)
responsible for peristalsis
60
name the adaptations of villi
- rich capillary network to absorb and remove products of digestions and maintain a concentration gradient - lacteals to absorb the products of fat digestion and maintain a concentration gradient - thin to reduce diffusion distance - microvilli increase surface area - epithelial cells contain large numbers of mitochondria to provide the ATP for active transport

Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions