nucleic acids

Question 1

what does dna stand for

Answer 1

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

function of dna

Answer 2

codes for amino acids in a protein

Question 3

what are the sub units of dna called

Answer 3

nucleotides

Question 4

what is each nucleotide made up of (3 things)

Answer 4

sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 5

difference between deoxyribose and ribose

Answer 5

deoxyribose lacks one oxygen ATOM

Question 6

which bases are pyrimidines

Answer 6

cytosine, thymine, uracil (RNA)

Question 7

which bases are purines

Answer 7

adenine and guanine

Question 8

difference structurally between pyrimidines and purines

Answer 8

pyrimidines contain single ring, purines contain double ring

Question 9

what does adenine bind to in RNA

Answer 9

uracil

Question 10

what are the complementary base pairings in DNA

Answer 10

thymine-adenine, guanine-cytosine

Question 11

what is the pentose sugar in DNA

Answer 11

deoxyribose

Question 12

what is the pentose sugar in RNA

Answer 12

ribose

Question 13

how many hydrogen bonds are there between a-t

Answer 13

2

Question 14

how many hydrogen bonds are there between c-g

Answer 14

3

Question 15

what is the word used to describe the directions of the double helix

Answer 15

antiparallel

Question 16

name of the bonds between phosphate groups and deoxyribose

Answer 16

phosphodiester bonds

Question 17

name for the type of process of DNA replication

Answer 17

semi-conservative

Question 18

what do original polynucleotide chains act as for the new nucleotides

Answer 18

templates

Question 19

which is the enzyme which breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the 2 polynucleotide chains together

Answer 19

DNA helicase

Question 20

which is the enzyme which joins new nucleotides to their complementary bases

Answer 20

DNA polymerase

Question 21

define the term universal energy currency

Answer 21

provides energy in all cells for all reactions

Question 22

what does ATP and ADP stand for

Answer 22

ATP = adenosine triphosphate, ADP = adenosine diphosphate

Question 23

in what reaction is ATP formed

Answer 23

endergonic (uses energy)

Question 24

what is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 24

ATP+H2O–> ADP + Pi + 30.6kJ energy

Question 25

what is the enzyme which cataylses the condensation reaction of ADP and Pi

Answer 25

ATP synthetase

Question 26

definition of exergonic

Answer 26

energy releasing reaction

Question 27

definition of endergonic

Answer 27

energy taking in reaction

Question 28

how much energy is released when ATP is converted to ADP and Pi

Answer 28

30.6kJ

Question 29

what enzyme is used for the hydrolysis reaction of ATP (ATP-->ADP+Pi)

Answer 29

ATPase

Question 30

list 5 uses of ATP

Answer 30

active transport, metabolic processes, movement, nerve transmission, secretion

Question 31

what does ATP do in active transport

Answer 31

allows molecules to move against a concentration gradient

Question 32

what does ATP do in metabolic processes

Answer 32

synthesises large complex molecules from smaller ones (e.g. protein synthesis)

Question 33

what does ATP do in movement

Answer 33

muscle contraction

Question 34

what does ATP do in nerve transmission

Answer 34

sodium-potassium pump across the axon membrane

Question 35

what does ATP do in secretion

Answer 35

packaging and transport of secretory products into vesicles in cells

Question 36

difference structurally between RNA and DNA

Answer 36

RNA is single stranded but DNA is double stranded

Question 37

name the 3 types of RNA

Answer 37

ribosomal RNA (rRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 38

where is rRNA made

Answer 38

nucleolus (component of ribosomes)

Question 39

where is mRNA made

Answer 39

nucleus (using complementary base pairs of RNA nucleotides using a strand of DNA as a template)

Question 40

describe the structure of tRNA

Answer 40

single stranded polynucleotide of RNA twisted into a clover-leaf shape

Question 41

what is the type of amino acid brought to the codon determined by

Answer 41

the anticodon (complementary to the codons)