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GI Final > Digestion + Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion + Absorption Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Absorption of food mainly takes place in the small intestine via what 2 pathways?

A
  1. cellular (membrane transport)
  2. paracellular (tight junctions)
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2
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates in the salive and pancreas?

A

Amylase

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3
Q

Sucrase, maltase, lactase, trehalase, and alpha dextrinase break down _______ in the _________.

A

carbs

intestinal mucosa

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4
Q

What enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach?

A

pepsin

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5
Q

Proteases: Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A & B all break down ______ in the ________.

A

Proteins

Pancreas

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6
Q

Amino-oligopeptidase, dipeptidase, enterokinase all break down _____ in the __________.

A

Proteins

Intestinal mucosa

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7
Q

What protein breaks down lipids in the salvia?

A

Lingual lipase

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8
Q

What protein breaks down lipids in the stomach?

A

Gastric lipase

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9
Q

Lipase-colipase, phopholipase A2, and cholesterol ester hydrolase break down _______ in the __________.

A

lipids

pancreas

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10
Q

How does the structure of the intestinal mucosa make it ideal for absorption of a large amount of nutrients?

A

folds of Kerckring (longitudinal folds)

villi + microvilli (brush border w/enzymes)

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11
Q

What are the 3 cell types of the intestinal epithelium?

A

enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells

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12
Q

What is the function of enterocytes?

A

They are epithelial cells that aid in digestion, absorption, + secretion.

They control the flux of solutes + fluid between the lumen and the blood

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13
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

secrete mucous

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14
Q

what are paneth cells?

A

protect against infection

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15
Q

The enterocyte membrance controls the flux of solutes and flid between the blood and the lumen through the use of?

A

Pinocytosis, Diffusion, Active Transport

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16
Q

When a solute wants to move across an enterocyte from the lumen to the blood via transmural movement, what layers does it need to pass through?

A
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17
Q

What is the only cell to absorb monosaccharides (carbs)?

A

Enterocytes (after digestion you get glucose, galactose, and fructose)

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18
Q

In carbohydrate absorption, list the transporters on the lumen side:

A

SGLT1 (Na+, Glucose, Galactose)

GLUT 5 (fructose)

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19
Q

In carbohydrate absorption, list the transporters on the blood side:

A

GLUT 2 (recieves glucose, galactose, and fructose) w/ the help of a NA+ K+ ATPase pump

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20
Q

What happens if our bodies fail to digest carbohydrates?

A

Lactose intolerance!

Causes osmotic diarrhea

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21
Q

How are all these different enzymes formed to digest proteins?

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A

Via autocatalysis of trypsin, which then forms more pancreatic preoteases to digest themselves + eachother

22
Q

How are proteins absorbed?

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A

Via co-transport (lumen) and faciliatated diffusion (blood) one for each type of amino acid (neutral, basic,etc.)

23
Q

What happens to a patient with cystinuria?

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A

Amino acids (cystine) are secreted in the urine as cystals/stones

24
Q

What can you not absord in hartnup disease?

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A

neutral amino acids

25
In cystic fibrosis(mutation of CFTR), what can you have a deficiency of?
pancreatic enzymes
26
What is released when lipids first appear in the small intestine?
CCK --\> releases bile to form micelles around the fats so they can be absorbed
27
What is the optimal pH for pancreatic lipase?
6
28
What are the steps for the absorption of lipids (complex):
1. Solubilization by micelles 2. Diffusion of micellar content across apical membrane 3. Reesterfication 4. **Chylomicron** formation 5. Exocytosis of chylomicron into lymph
29
If a patient has no **ApoB**, meaning they can't absorb dietary lipids, which disorder do they have?
Abetalipoproteinemia
30
If you have problems in any step of the lipid assimilation pathway what can happen? Examples: pancreatic enzyme secretion, bile acid secretion, miccele formation, transfer of chylomicrons to lymph
Steatorrhea (fat in feces --\> not absorbed)
31
What is it called when you can't secrete adequate amounts of pancreatic enzymes?
Pancreatic insufficiency
32
What happens in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
Too much H+ is secreted from a gastrin-secreting tumor of the pancreas It makes the duodenum too acidic
33
The duodenum needs to always be at the right pH for pancreatic enzymes to work. It stays there via HCO3- neutralizing everything. When HCO3- and other enzymes are impaired, the patient has?
Pancreatitis
34
What 2 things could cause a deficiency of bile salts, that interferes with the formation of micelles?
1. Ileal resection 2. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) - can damage mucosa (from not enough gastric acid)
35
What disorder is characterized by a decreased amount of epithelial cells, which affects lipid absorption?
Tropical sprue ## Footnote **Because the surface area is decreased, lipid absorption is decreased and this causes steatorrhea.**
36
What is celiac sprue?
An autoimmune disorder where antibodies form against a type of gluten (gliadin). This leads to destruction of the small intestice villi (atrophy) and hyperplasia of the intestinal crypts.
37
How are fat soluble vitamins (Vit. A,D,E, K) absorbed?
Like fat
38
How are water-soluble vitamins (all the B's) absorbed?
Na+ dependent cotransport
39
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is important for?
DNA synthesis in RBC's
40
How is Vitamin B12 absorbed?
R protein --\> IF receptors --\> TCII
41
What causes pernicious anemia?
The stomach does not produce enough IF, therefore Vit. B12 is deficient and red blood cells fail to mature. 2 common causes = atrophic gastritis (inflammed stomach mucosa --\> lose parietal cells) + autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritits (attack IF)
42
What happens in a gastrectomy?
loss of parietal cells (source of IF)
43
What happens in a gastric bypass in relation to B12?
Since you are excluding the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, this alters the absorption of vitamin B12
44
What enzyme activates Vit. D?
1 alpha-hydroxylase
45
MEMORIZE
46
What is absorbed in the proximal small intestine (duodenum)?
**Fat**, sugar, peptides/aa, **iron, folate**, **calcium**, water, electrolytes \*highest amount of carbs, proteins, lipids\*
47
What is absorded in the jejunum?
sugar, peptides, calcium, water, electrolytes
48
What is absorbed in the distal small intestine (ileum)?
**Bile acids**, **Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)**, water, electrolytes
49
What is absorbed in the colon?
Water, electrolytes, MCTs, calcium, amino acids
50

GI Final (12 decks)

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