Histo

Question 1

What are the 3 main digestive glands?

Answer 1

1. Major salivary glands
2. Exocrine pancreas
3. Liver

Question 2

What is the salivon?

Answer 2

Basic secretory unit of salivary glands (has acinus, intercalated duct, excretory duct)

Question 3

The blind-sac of secretory cells that synthesize + release product is?

Answer 3

Acinus

Question 4

The conducting passageway for product to be released is?

Answer 4

Duct

Question 5

Salivary glands have a CT capsule w/ _______.

Answer 5

septa

Question 6

What are the 3 types of acinus that secretory cells are organized into?

Answer 6

1. mucous acini
2. serous acini
3. mucoserous (hat)

Question 7

Cells that asist in moving secretory products toward the excretory duct are?

(They control serous secretions)

Answer 7

myoepithelial cells

Question 8

List the pathway of saliva flow

Answer 8

Acinus –> intercalated duct –> striated duct –> excretory duct

Question 9

What is the hallmark of parotid (serous) glands?

Answer 9

serous only, large amounts of adipose tisse, facial N. (CN VII) passes through

Question 10

What type of gland is a sublingual gland?

Answer 10

Mixed, but mostly mucous

Question 11

What cells are predominant in submandibular glands?

Answer 11

Serous (they have the serous demilunes (bonnet))

Question 12

Look at these images

Answer 12

Question 13

The exocrine component of the pancreas does what?

Answer 13

Synthesizes/secretes enzymes that are essential for digestion in the large intestine

Question 14

What is the hallmark of the pancreas?

Answer 14

Acinar cells stain intensely, centroacinar cells stain lightly, (don’t confuse pancreas w/ parotid)

Question 15

What is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas?

Answer 15

serous acinus –> contains pancreatic acinar cells

Question 16

What cells secrete HCO3-, Na+, and H20 alkaline secretions?

Answer 16

Centroacinar cells (duct w/in acinus)

Question 17

How can we tell what a pancreatic acinar cell looks like?

Answer 17

It has zymogen granules (apical domain). These granules contain proenzymes that digest things.

Question 18

What is the cause of acute pancreatitis?

Answer 18

Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes (found inside zymogen granules). Normally these enzymes are inactive until the duodenum, but in pancreatitis they get activated in the pancreas and digest the pancreatic gland. Usually it is typsin.

Ways that you could prematurely activate zymogen granules is trauma, heavy metals, too much alcohol, biliary tract disease

Question 19

How could one eventually develop chronic pancreatitis?

Answer 19

Acholism –> leads to a permanent loss of pancreatic function (+ fibrosis)

Question 20

What are the 3 functional units of the liver?

Answer 20

1. hepatic lobule
2. portal lobule
3. liver acinus

Question 21

What supplies 80% of the blood to the liver?

Answer 21

Portal vein

Question 22

Where does blood from the portal triad go?

Answer 22

Into the sinusoids of the lobules –> central venule –> sublobular veins. Then blood returns to the IVC (via collecting + hepatic) veins

Question 23

After hepaocytes secrete bile, where does it drain into?

Answer 23

Bile canaliculus

Question 24

What direction do bile and lymph flow in?

Answer 24

Opposite directions

Question 25

What collects blood from the sinusoids?

Answer 25

Terminal hepatic venule (aka central vein)

Question 26

What is the perisinusoidal space of disse?

Answer 26

Site of material exchange (between blood and liver cells) Microvilli come into the space to increase the surface area

Question 27

What is the periportal space (space of Mall)

Answer 27

where the lymph is collected

Question 28

A thin discontinuos endothelium and a discontinuous basal lamina line what?

Answer 28

Hepatic sinusoids

Question 29

What are **Kupffer cells**?

Answer 29

Macrophages in hepatic (liver) sinusoids

Question 30

Bile caniculi

Answer 30

brown sticks

Question 31

portal triad

Answer 31

Question 32

Hepatic lobule

Answer 32

Question 33

The bile drainage pathway can be outlined by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 33

portal lobule (3 adjacent lobes in a triangle drian into the same bile duct)

Question 34

The liver acinus, is shaped like a diamond and the flow of blood from inside to out creates an O2 gradient. Which zone is most susceptible to ischemia? Which zone is most susceptible to toxins?

Answer 34

zone 3 = ischemia zone 1 = toxins

Question 35

Notice, in zone 3 there are bubbles --\> this is from heart failure

Answer 35

Question 36

What drains blood from the portal vein + hepatic artery to the central vein?

Answer 36

Classic Hepatic lobule

Question 37

What drains bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct?

Answer 37

Portal lobule (triangle)

Question 38

What supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes?

Answer 38

Hepatic Acinus zone 1 gets most oxygen + nutrients

Question 39

What is hereditary hemochromatosis?

Answer 39

Increased iron absorption which accumulates in lysosomal hepatocytes

Question 40

What is Wilson's disease?

Answer 40

Hereditary disorder of copper metabolism (copper deposits in liver and brain)

Question 41

What is chronic liver disease?

Answer 41

When Kupffer cells and hepatocytes activate perisinusoidal cells when they shouldn't, these cause fibrosis and inflammation.

Question 42

What can consuming ethanol for a long period of time do to you?

Answer 42

Causes a **fatty liver!** Steatohepatitis = fatty liver + inflammation Cirrhosis = fibrosis

Question 43

What is hepatitis?

Answer 43

An inflammatory condition due to viruses (Hep A,B,C) Acute hepatitis = no appetite, nausea, vomiting, jaundice Chronic hepatitis = fibrosis, necrosis, inflammation Hep A = contaminated water/food Hep B = sex, shared needles Hep C = blood transfusion --\> develop chronic

Question 44

What is special about the gallbladder?

Answer 44

It has external adventitia (against liver) and serosa (where exposed to peritoneal cavity)

Question 45

What are Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

Answer 45

Deep diverticula (holes) of mucosa (can extend into muscularis) If bacteria accumulates in there, you can get gallstones. Found in **gallbladder**!