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Zoology Lecture > Digestion and Nutrition > Flashcards

Digestion and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Green plants are ________ organisms that are mostly ________ while others ________

A

autotrophic, chlorophyll-bearing phototrophs, chemotrophs

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2
Q

Two types of autotrophs and their differences

A

Phototrophs and Chemotrophs.
Phototrophs gain energy from the sun; Chemotrophs gain energy from carbon dioxide.

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3
Q

What kind of nutrition type are animals? Explain.

A

Heterotrophic, they cannot produce their own food and instead, eats other plants and animals.

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4
Q

Animals that feed on dead or decaying organic matter

A

Saprophagous (crabs, lobster, flies, beetles, butterflies)

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5
Q

What happens to food that is reduced by digestion?

A

Absorbed and transported to the body tissues > Assimilated into the structure of cells > Oxidized to yield energy and heat > Stored for future use

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6
Q

Undigested material is egested as ______

A

Feces

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7
Q

Two kinds of digestion

A

Mechanical and Chemical

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8
Q

What happens during digestion in sponges and protozoa?

A

It occurs intracellularly and food particles are phagocytized.

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9
Q

Ocean drifting microscopic particles consist of?

A

Plankton and organic debris

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10
Q

What are Filter feeders?

A

They use ciliated surfaces to draw drifting food particles into their mouth. Many use mucous sheets while others use sweeping movements.

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11
Q

What is particulate feeding?

A

A feeding strategy where organisms consume solid particles suspended in the surrounding medium, such as water or air.

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12
Q

Deposit Feeding

A

Obtaining food by extracting organic material or detritus (debris) from the substrate (the material or surface on which they live or feed).

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13
Q

It is an annelid (segmented worm) that is an example of a deposit feeder. It stretches out its feeding tentacles across the surface.

A

Amphitrite

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14
Q

Also known as crushing or chewing

A

Mastication

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15
Q

Four types of teeth and their functions

A

Incisors (Biting, striping), Canines (Tearing, piercing), Premolars and molars (Grinding, crushing)

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16
Q

Herbivores: Usually lack _____ but have well-developed _____

A

Canines, molars

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17
Q

What is Mammalian Dentition?

A

Arrangement of teeth found in mammals.

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18
Q

Parasites use an _____ to keep blood from clotting.

A

anticoagulant

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19
Q

The process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle

A

Phagocytosis

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20
Q

Also known as the digestive system

A

Alimentary System

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21
Q

Enzymes that use water to split complex molecules in hydrolysis

A

Hydrolytic Enzymes

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22
Q
A
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22
Q

Also known as the digestive tract

A

Alimentary Canal

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22
Q

What does gut movement do to the gut content?

A

Segmentation

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22
Q

What is the alternative name of specialized musculature, and explain the process

A

Peristalsis uses waves of contraction -moving food down the gut

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22
Q

What are the macronutrients, and what are they broken down to?

A

Proteins into Amino Acids, Carbohydrates to simple sugars, Fats to glycerol and fatty acids

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22
Q

Movements of the _____ and _____ prevent food from
entering respiratory passageways

A

soft palate, epiglottis

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22
Q

What are the parts of the receiving region of the Alimentary canal?

A

Mouthparts (mandibles, jaws, teeth, radula, etc.), Inner Chambers (Oral Cavity & Pharynx), and salivary glands

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22
Q

Explain the transport of food through the digestive tract

A

The digestive tract uses specialized musculature for movement from the mouth to the stomach and cilia in the small intestine

22
Q

Variations of Salivary Glands

A

Release toxins for catching prey, leech saliva to prevent blood coagulation, and salivary amylase to break down carbs

22
Q

The insect _____ has ______ teeth

A

proventriculus, chitinous teeth

22
Q

Crustaceans have a _____

A

gastric mill, stomach with teeth

22
Q

What is the gizzard?

A

A muscular organ in the digestive system of some animals that mechanically grinds and breaks down food into smaller, digestible particles.

22
Q

They supplement the stomach and secrete enzymes and/or absorb
nutrients

A

Digestive diverticula

22
Q

They open and close passages in the body to regulate the flow of substances.

A

Sphincters

22
Q

Food is released into the intestine by the _____

A

Pyloric sphincter

22
Q

What do Chief cells and Parietal cells secrete?

A

Chief cells = Pepsinogen, Parietal cells = Hydrochloric acid

22
Q

a milk-curdling enzyme

A

Rennin

22
Q

Stimulus for increased secretion of gastric juices

A

Sight of food, presence of food in stomach, during emotional distress

22
Q

Region of Terminal Digestion and Absorption

A

The Intestine

22
Q

Region of Grinding and Early Digestion

A

Vertebra stomach, Insect proventriculus, Crustacean gastric mill

22
Q

Conduction and Storage Region of the
Alimentary Canal

A

The esophagus is expanded into a crop, a food storage area

23
Q

_____ are small, bulging pouches that can form in the lining of your digestive system

A

Diverticula

24
Q

Name of the initial segment of the small intestine and what occurs

A

duodenum, Pancreatic juice, and bile are added to this segment to neutralize the acidic content of the stomach

25
Q

Bile is secreted by the _____ and stored and released by the _____ bladder

A

Liver, gall bladder

26
Q

Functions of Liver

A

Storehouse for glycogen, produces proteins, detoxifies protein wastes, and destroys worn-out red blood cells

27
Q

Occurs after meals when intestinal concentrations are highest

A

Facilitated Transport

28
Q

Specialized for heat generation

A

Brown Fat

29
Q

Heat production in organisms

A

Thermogenesis

30
Q

Alternative name for body fat

A

Adipose

31
Q

Comprises the bulk of body fat
and is derived from surplus carbohydrates and fats

A

White Adipose Tissue

32
Q

What is Gastrin?

A

Gastrin is a hormone produced by the stomach and duodenum that stimulates gastric acid secretion and helps regulate the digestive process.

33
Q

Complimentary hormones that aid in digestion

A

Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, and Secretin

34
Q

What does Cholecystokinin do?

A

It stimulates release of bile and pancreatic secretions

35
Q

It stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes, helping to neutralize acidic chyme and aid in digestion.

A

Secretin

36
Q

Membrane Enzymes

A

Aminopeptidase, Disaccharidases, Alkaline phosphatase, and Nucleotidases and nucleosidases

37
Q

A hunger center in the _____ and _____ regulates the intake of food

A

hypothalamus, brain stem

38
Q

Vitamins classified as either _____ or ______

A

fat or water soluble

39
Q

Water-soluble vitamins include the _____ and _____

A

B complex, Vitamin C

40
Q

Almost all animals need vitamin _

A

Vitamin B

41
Q

Vitamins are synthesized by animals

A

False, vitamins are not synthesized by animals but obtained from their diet

42
Q

Required for anions and cations of body fluids and to form structural components

A

Inorganic Salts

43
Q

Necessary as fuels for energy and for the synthesis of various substances

A

Carbohydrates and fats

44
Q

Needed for synthesis of species-specific proteins and other nitrogenous compound

A

Amino acid units of proteins

45
Q

Region of Water Absorption and Concentration of Solids

A

Large Intestine

46
Q

Degrade RNA and DNA to nucleotides

A

Nucleases

47
Q

Starch-splitting enzyme identical to salivary amylase

A

Pancreatic amylase

48
Q

Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

A

Pancreatic lipase

49
Q

Removes amino acids from carboxyl ends of polypeptides

A

Carboxypeptidase

50
Q

Proteases that split apart peptide bonds

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

51
Q

Mesenteries

A

Zoology Lecture (10 decks)

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