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zoology lecture > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Define the Integumentary System

A

The integumentary is a protective outer cover that includes the skin, hair, setae, scales, feathers, and horns.

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2
Q

Characteristics of the Integumentary System

A

It is tough and pliable for protection against external harm. It helps prevent water loss and gain.

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3
Q

The Integument of Endothermic and Ectothermic types of animals do not have variations

A

FALSE, they do have variations.

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4
Q

Name Five Functions of the Integumentary System

A

They help in temperature regulation, respiration, excretion of waste, camouflage/pigmentation, and secrete molecules.

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5
Q

Arthropods have a _____ called the _____ that secretes a ______.

A

Arthropods have a single-layered epidermis called the hypodermis that secretes a double layered cuticle

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6
Q

What are the two zones of the cuticle?

A

The inner zone is called the procuticle and the outer zone is called the epicuticle

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7
Q

Purpose of the two zones of the cuticle of Arthropods

A

The procuticle is made of protein and it provides strength and protection. The epicuticle is made of proteins AND lipids, it also provides a moisture-proofing/water-proofing barrier.

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8
Q

What is water proofing?

A

Water proofing is adaptations or mechanisms that help creatures prevent excessive water loss or damage due to moisture or water-related challenges.

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9
Q

Explain Calcification

A

Calcification is a way for decapods to harden their cuticle, they achieve calcification through deposition of calcium carbonate in the outer layer of the procuticle.

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10
Q

Explain Sclerotization

A

Sclerotization is the formation of cross-linkages between protein molecules found in the procuticle lamellae, resulting in sclerotin, a material resistant to damage and insoluble in water.

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11
Q

Explain Molting

A

Molting begins with epidermal cells dividing by mitosis, the new epicuticle and procuticle beneath the old cuticle is formed. Once shed, the new cuticle is calcified or sclerotized.

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12
Q

Layers of the basic vertebrate integument

A

The thin, outer stratified epithelial layer called the epidermis and the inner, thicker layer called dermis.

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13
Q

Where does the epidermis derive from and give examples

A

The epidermis derived from the ectoderm (outermost germ layer in animals) and examples are the hair, feathers, claws, and hooves.

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14
Q

Where does the dermis derive from and give examples

A

The dermis derives from the mesoderm, it gives rise to scales, armor of crocodiles, shells of turtles, antlers, and bony horns.

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15
Q

What is the dermis composed of ?

A

The dermis is composed of dense connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves, fat cells, and fibroblasts.

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16
Q

What kind of epithelium tissue is the Epidermis made of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Explain Keratinization

A

In the Epidermis, tough fibrous protein (keratin) builds up in the interior of cells, as they get older these old cells die and become cornified.

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18
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

A stratum corneum is formed when cornified cells come together to create a tough layer resistant to abrasion and water diffusion. It is responsible for calluses and footpads of mammals.

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19
Q

What does the dermis do?

A

It supports, cushions, and nourishes the epidermis.

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20
Q

Where can you find chromatophores?

A

found in the integument of some animals such as crustaceans and ectothermic vertebrates.

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21
Q

What are the functions of Chromatophores?

A

Chromatophores are responsible for the color and pattern of the skin, these pigments may concentrate in the center or be dispersed throughout the cell.

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22
Q

What are the different types of Pigment?

A

Melanin Pigments, Carotenoid Pigments, Ommochromes and pteridines, and Iridophores.

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23
Q

What are melanin pigments?

A

Melanin pigments are the most common type of pigment, they are responsible for earth-colored shades (usually black or brown polymers) found in melanocytes or melanophores

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24
Q

What are Carotenoid pigments?

A

Carotenoid pigments impart/convey yellow and red colors found inside xanthophores (fishes and crustaceans)

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25
Q

What are crustaceans?

A

Large class of mostly-water dwelling arthropods (lobsters, shrimps, and crabs)

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26
Q

Define an Arthropod

A

An inverse rate animal having a segmented body, jointed limbs, and a shell that is shed periodically

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27
Q

What are Ommochromes and pteridines?

A

Ommochromes and pteridines are for yellow pigments in mollusks and arthropods while green coloration is produced by yellow pigment overlying blue structural color.

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28
Q

What are Iridophores?

A

Iridophores contain crystals of guanine, that produce silvery or metallic colors when they reflect light

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29
Q

__________ deposit melanin in growing hair of mammals and give the general dull colors of most mammalian species

A

Dermal melanophores

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30
Q

What are Dermal melanophores?

A

They are specialized pigment-containing cells found in the dermis in many animals. These cells are responsible for pigment regulation of melanin.

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31
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Provide support, rigidity, and protection of delicate organs

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32
Q

These skeletons are not rigid and instead use their body fluids

A

Hydrostatic skeletons of invertebrates

33
Q

What is locomotion?

A

The movement of an organism from one place to another

34
Q

Muscular Hydrostats

A

Structures that lack any obvious skeletal support but is capable of bending, twisting, and lifting heavy objects

35
Q

Two kinds of rigid skeletons

A

Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton

36
Q

Echinoderm

A

A marine invertebrate

37
Q

Which animals are endoskeletons found?

A

Echinoderms and vertebrates

38
Q

What is the Notochord?

A

The Notochord is a semi-rigid supportive axial rod of protochordates and vertebrate larvae

39
Q

Protochordates

A

A group of marine animals that are the closest living relatives of vertebrates

40
Q

Function of the notochord

A

It acts as a stiffening structure to maintain body shape during locomotion

41
Q

Describe Cartilage

A

Cartilage is a strong and flexible tissue that provides cushion and support for different parts of the body such as our nose, ears, and joints

42
Q

Three types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, and Fibrocartilage

43
Q

Hyalin Cartilage

A

Clear, glassy, and flexible cartilage, found in nose and joints for smooth join movement and support.

44
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Stretchy, yellow cartilage found in ears and larynx (voice box) to maintain its shape and flexibility

45
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Tough, dense cartilage found in spinal discs, and tendons for strength and shock absorption

46
Q

Describe bone

A

Bone is living tissue with significant deposits of inorganic calcium salts in an extra cellular matrix of collagen fibers in protein-carbohydrate gel

47
Q

Bones are as strong as cast iron and also as heavy

A

FALSE, bones are as strong as cast iron but only one-third of its weight due o its structural organization

48
Q

Process of bone development

A

Endochondral bone replacement

49
Q

Two types of bones and their differences

A

Spongy and Compact Bones. Compact bones are formed from spongy bones and are denser.

50
Q

Cell destruction and Cell building

A

Osteoclasts (cell destruction) / Osteoblasts (Cell Building)

51
Q

Hormones involved in bone growth

A

Parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin, and vitamin D3 maintain constant blood calcium levels

52
Q

What does the Axial skeleton include?

A

Skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs

53
Q

What does the Appendicular Skeleton include?

A

Bones of limbs along with pectoral and pelvic girdles

54
Q

Cephalization

A

The sense organs, nervous control center, and so on are concentrated at the front end of the animal -producing a head region.

55
Q

Vertebrate skulls have ________

A

Vertebrate skulls have increased concentration of brain, sense organs, and food gathering apparatus

56
Q

Vertebral column is ________

A

Vertebral column is the main stiffening axis and serves as points for muscle attachment while preserving body shape

57
Q

Humans have _______, ________, and _______.

A

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and 5 lumbar vertebrae

58
Q

Describe the two cervical vertebrae

A

It is found in all vertebrates, the atlas supports the skull while allowing it to pivot and the axis allows the head to turn side-to-side

59
Q

Describe Ribs

A

Ribs are either long or short skeletal structures that connect medially with the spine and extend into the body wall

60
Q

Two pairs of ____ limbs

A

Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs that are supported by respective girdles

61
Q

Animal movements relies on this fundamental mechanism

A

Contractile proteins (actin and myosin)

62
Q

Three types of animal movement

A

Ameboid (unicellular), Cillia and Flagella (unicellular eukaryotes), Muscular (muscle fibers)

63
Q

Three types of Vertebrate Muscles

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles

64
Q

Describe Skeletal muscles

A

Skeletal muscles are striated (striped appearance) with alternating dark and light bands and are multi nucleated, they are responsible for voluntary movement for eyes, trunk, and bicep.

65
Q

Describe Cardiac Muscle

A

Cardiac muscles make up the heart and are striated like skeletal muscles but are involuntary

66
Q

Describe Smooth Muscle

A

Smooth muscle lacks striations and cells are much smaller and has a single, central nucleus found in stomach and intestines

67
Q

Types of Invertebrate Muscles

A

Smooth, Striated, and Oblique Striated muscles

68
Q

____________ molluscan muscle fibers are of two types

A

Bivalve molluscan muscle fibers are of two types -striated and smooth muscles

69
Q

The structure of striated muscle

A

Each cell or fiber is a multi nucleated tube with myofibrils packed together and wrapped around by a cel membrane called the sarcolemma

70
Q

Myofibrils contains?

A

Myofibrils contains two filaments of proteins: myosin and actin

71
Q

Why do muscles contract?

A

Muscles contract in response to nerve control and stimulation

72
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

It is made up of the motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers supplied by the neuron’s axon terminals

73
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

It is the bridge between a nerve and a muscle where the nerves releases acetylcholine that crosses a gap (synaptic cleft) to reach the muscle -causing it to contract

74
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

ATP is produced through a process known as Aerobic metabolism wherein glucose is taken from your blood and converted into ATP.

75
Q

What the stored form of glucose?

A

Glycogen, it is made up of polysaccharide chain of glucose molecules

76
Q

Other than Glycogen, what is another energy reserve of muscles?

A

Creatine Phosphate -which is stored during rest and helps convert ADP to ATP

77
Q

What are white muscles?

A

Also known as Fast glycolytic fibers, they lack efficient blood supply and are used for short bursts of power

78
Q

Importance of Tendons

A

Tendons store elastic strain energy when they are stretched such as during walking and running like a spring

zoology lecture (10 decks)

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