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Bio 20 IB > Digestion/Liver > Flashcards

Digestion/Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Name the digestive tract organs. (6)

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

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2
Q

What are some accessory glands to the digestive tract?

A

Salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas.

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3
Q

Where do exocrine cells secret to?

A

Exocrine cells secrete into ducts.

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4
Q

What three organelles are found in large amounts in the exocrine gland cells?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, secretory vesicles.

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5
Q

What do secretory vesicles contain?

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

What are secretory cells in groups called?

A

acini

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6
Q

What is in saliva?

A

Water, electrolytes, amylase, mucus, lysozymes (protects from pathogens)

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7
Q

What is in gastric juice?

A

Water, mucus, pepsin, HCl, rennin (chymosin)

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7
Q

What is in pancreatic juice?

A

Water, bicarbonate, amylase, lipase, carboxypeptidase, trypsinogen

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8
Q

Is the mouth basic, neutral, or acidic?

A

Slightly basic (pH 7-8)

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9
Q

What receptors are present in the stomach? (2) What do they detect?

A

Chemoreceptors detect peptide and Stretch receptors detect distention.

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9
Q

What is digestive juice secretion controlled by? (2)

A

Nerves/hormones

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10
Q

What can the sight or smell of food cause your brain to do?

A

Send nerve impulses to gland cells of the stomach wall to secrete pepsinogen and acid.

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11
Q

What is secreted when the brain sends signals via the vagus nerve to the duodenum?

A

Gastrin

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11
Q

What does gastrin stimulate the secretion of? From where?

A

Acid and pepsinogen from the stomach wall.

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12
Q

What inhibits the secretion of gastrin if pH in stomach falls too low?

A

Secretin and somatostatin

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13
Q

Why is gastric juice acidic? (2)

A

Low pH is optimal for pepsin and helps control pathogens.

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13
Q

What was William Beaumont able to figure out about gastric digestion?

A

That gastric digestion was both physical and chemical (not just chemical)

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14
Q

Who got the gunshot that allowed doctors to study his stomach?

A

Alexis St. Martin

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15
Q

What type of infection can cause ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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16
Q

How can someone with H. Pylori bacteria be treated?

A

A combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors

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17
Q

How can you detect H.pylori?

A

H.pylori produces the enzyme urease so a urea breath test can be used. The patient is given some radioactive urea orally and see if they breath out radioactive carbon dioxide.

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18
Q

How do proton pump inhibitors work?

A

They irreversibly bind to ATPase or a protonpump to stop the acidic environment that is created by this proton pump.

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18
Q

What did Marshall and Warren discover? Why was it hard for their results to be accepted?

A

They discovered that antbiotics can cure ulcers but it was difficult for others to accept that as ulcers where known to be a result of excess stomach acid not a bacteria.

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18
Q

What does lipase do? Is it water-soluble or fat-soluble?

A

Lipase is a water soluble enzyme that is designed to break down a hydrophobic substance. Can only access the surface of lipids.

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19
Q

What does bile do to lipids? Why? Where is lipase made?

A

emulsifies lipids to increase the surface area. lipase is made in the pancreas

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20
Q

Draw the ileum.

A
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21
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine in order?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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21
Q

What does the epithelial cell of the villus contain?

A

Pinocytotic vesicles, mitochondria

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22
Q

What is the pinocytic vesicles for in the epithelial cell of the villus?

A

Contains fluid and dissolved minerals from the lumen

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22
Q

What function in the villus ensures most materials will pass through cells before the blood?

A

Tight Junctions

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23
Q

Draw the villi cross section.

A
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24
Q

What happens to lipids in the epithelial cell? What is the end product called?

A

They reassemble into triglycerides and become coated in proteins and chloresterol. This is called a lipoprotein complex.

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24
Q

What lipid forms diffuse into the villi membrane of the small intestine?

A

Monoglycerides, bile salts, fatty acids

25
Q

What do lipoproteins enter? How do they travel to the blood?

A

Lipoproteins enter the lacteal and travel through the lymphatic system to the circulatory system.

26
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine? (2)

A

To complete digestion and to absorb the nutrients to distribute throughout the body.

26
Q

What is facilitated diffusion? What substances pass into the epithelium by facilitated diffusion? Why does it use this method of transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport of molecules using integral proteins. Fructose passes into the epithelium by facilitated diffusion and it uses this method because it is hydrophilic.

26
Q

What things are absorbed into the epithelium via active transport? (3)

A

Glucose, amino acids, some minerals

27
Q

How does active transport work to absorb sodium?

A

Active transport sets up high concentrations of sodium in lumen so that it can make a passive re-entry of sodium accompanied by nutrients.

28
Q

What is the benefit of actively transporting materials into the epithelial cells?

A

Can facilitate diffusion of those materials into the bloodstream.

29
Q

Are carbs absorbed whole into the small intestine?

A

No, they are absorbed in there monomer form, ex glucose.

30
Q

What is the difference between endocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis.

31
Q

What materials are not absorbed by the small intestine?

A

Plant fibres (cellulose, lignin), bile pigments, bacteria, intestial cells

31
Q

What is absorbed via pinocytosis at the epithelial cells? (2)

A

Small amounts of fluids and undigested fats.

32
Q

What causes cholera?

A

The bacterium Vibrio cholera

32
Q

How is the toxin, cholera, brought into the cells?

A

By endocytosis

33
Q

What does the bacterium cholera trigger in the cell? What does this lead to?

A

A cascade response that leads to efflux of chloride ions and HCO3- irons from the epithelial cell into the intestine. Water follows and diaherra results.

33
Q

What structure brings oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the liver?

A

Hepatic artery

34
Q

What structure brings blood from the gut to liver?

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

35
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein divide into in the liver? What is that structure?

A

Sinosiods which are a different type of capillaries that are wider and not continually lined with cells.

36
Q

What do sinosoids allow for? (2)

A

Blood to come into contact with hepatocytes and allows proteins/albumin to enter and leave the blood.

36
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Specialized liver cells that carry out functions such as detox.

36
Q

What is the hepatic artery divided into?

A

Arterioles

37
Q

How does the hepatic artery get oxygen?

A

Joins with sinusoids at various points.

38
Q

What do sinosoids merge into?

A

Venules which lead to the hepatic vein and vena cava.

39
Q

How does the liver regulate blood nutrients? (2)

A

Key role in glucose regulation and breaks down excess proteins and amino acids.

40
Q

What type of waste does the liver process?

A

Nitrogenous waste

41
Q

Which nutrients does the liver store? (4)

A

Carbs (stored in hepatocytes as glycogen), iron (breaks down dead erythrocytes and stores iron as ferritin), vitamin A (stores for use in vision, is fat soluble), vitamin D (stores for use in calcium uptake, is fat soluble)

42
Q

What is vitamin A a vital component of?

A

Rhodopsin

43
Q

What two things does the liver synthesize? What is their purpose?

A

Cholesterol(component in bile, animal cell membranes, component of steroid hormones) and Plasma proteins (albumin which regulates osmotic pressure and creates fibrinogen which is a precursor to fibrin)

44
Q

What is HDL?

A

High density lipoprotein and is considered healthy as it helps remove LDL, “good cholesterol”

44
Q

What is LDL?

A

Low density lipoprotein, “Bad” cholesterol

45
Q

Why do we have lipoproteins?

A

Transport lipids from intestine to liver and throughout the blood

46
Q

What role does the liver play in detoxification?

A

Liver cells(hepatocytes) absorb toxic substances from blood and convert them into less toxic substances.

46
Q

What does the liver break down alcohol into?

A

Ethanol dehydrogenase

46
Q

What is the lifespan of an erthrocyte?

A

120 days

47
Q

What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis engulfs solid material while pinocytosis engulfs fluids.

48
Q

What happens as red blood cells age?

A

They swell and become engulfed (phagocytosis) by Kupffer cells.

48
Q

Where are Kupffer cells located?

A

Line sinusoids of the liver.

48
Q

What happens to the erthrocyte inside the Kupffer cell?

A

Hemoglobin is split into globin chains and heme group.

49
Q

What happens to the amino acids in the globin chains of the hemoglobin once it is engulfed by the Kupffer cell?

A

It is recycled, digested by peptidases

50
Q

What happens to the heme group as it is being broken down in the Kupffer cells?

A

It breaks into iron and bilirubin (bile pigment)

51
Q

Where can iron from the liver be transported to make red blood cells?

A

Bone marrow

52
Q

What is produced during alcohol detoxification that can accumulate in the liver?

A

Fatty acids

53
Q

What can long-term alcohol consumption cause liver fat storing cells to produce? What does it form?

A

Collagen which forms scar tissue

53
Q

Is bile acidic or basic?

A

It contains bicarbonate so it is basic.

53
Q

What is cirrhosis? What is it a deposition of?

A

Scarred liver, it is the deposition of collagen

53
Q

What is the pathway of bile from the liver to the gall bladder?

A

Heptocytes then bile canaliculi then gale bladder

54
Q

What can accumulation of fats in the liver cause? What is it?

A

Hepatitis, it is the inflammation of the liver

55
Q

What is jaundice a build up of?

A

Bilirubin (bile pigment)

56
Q

Is jaundice a disease? What is it a result of?

A

No, it is a symptom. Can be a result of hepatitis, liver cancer, or obstruction of bile duct.

57
Q

What is newborn jaundice a result of?

A

High turnover of red blood cells, which produces bilirubin. Liver can still be developing.

58
Q

How can you treat jaundice?

A

Treat the disease or break down bilirubin in skin using a UV light.

Bio 20 IB (6 decks)

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