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Bio 20 IB > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term used to describe the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population?

A

Evolution

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2
Q

What type of adaptation is the thick body of an armadillo?

A

Structural/Physical

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3
Q

What type of adaptation is it when lizards voluntarily detach their tail when threatened?

A

Behavioural

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4
Q

What type of adaptation is the reduced heart rate/breathing of a ground squirrel in hibernation?

A

Physiological

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5
Q

What type of adaptation are the needles of a blue spruce tree?

A

Structural/Physical

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6
Q

What do adaptations result from?

A

Gradual change in characteristics of members within a population over time

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7
Q

Where do variations come from? (2)

A

Genetic mutaion and sexual repro.

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8
Q

What does a mutation on a red blood cell gene? What advantage does it provide if your a carrier that doesn’t have the disease?

A

Causes sickle cell anemia and carriers of the mutation who don’t have the disease have increased resistance to malaria.

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9
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

When a mutation in a bacteria population survive to reproduce more bacteria with that antibiotic resistant mutation.

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10
Q

What is an example of survival of the fittest?

A

Natural selection, those which a deriable characteristic out live the rest when under a selective pressure.

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11
Q

Which two individuals developed hypotheses to explain natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

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12
Q

What are three inferences of the theory of evolution?

A
  1. Individuals are in a constant struggle for survival. 2. Individuals with favourable variations are likely to survive and pass on these variations. Natural Selection. 3. Evolution results from favourable characteristics becoming more common.
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13
Q

Is survival random based on Charles Darwin?

A

No.

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14
Q

What animal did Darwin observe?

A

Finches

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15
Q

What is divergence?

A

One or more species arise from a parent species/ common ancestor?

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16
Q

How do fossils provide evidence for the theory of evolution?

A

Fossils found in upper rock layers resemble organisms alive today. Fossils appear in chronological order and not all organisms appear at the same time.

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16
Q

Why does divergence occur? How does divergence lead to seperate species?

A

In order to survive, members of the same species compete for resources and finding different niches can increase their chance of survival. When two divergent species are separated for a long enough time. they will adapt/change and interbreeding will no longer become possible.

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17
Q

What is an evidence of divergence?

A

Darwin noted that species in adjacent lands were more similar than species in similar biomes in other parts of the world.

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18
Q

What do transition fossils show?

A

Show intermediary links between groups of organisms.

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18
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Similiar structural elements and origin but may have different function.

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18
Q

How does biogeography provide evidence for the theory of evolution?

A

Animals on islands often closely resemble animals found on the closest continent.

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19
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Perform similar functions but do not have common evolutionary origins.

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20
Q

What is an example of analogous structures?

A

Bird wings, dragonfly wings, bat wings.

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20
Q

What is an example of homologous structures?

A

Human hand, frog leg, bat wing.

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20
Q

How does anatomy provide evidence for the theory of evolution? (2)

A

Homologous/Analogous structures, and vestigial structures

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21
Q

How does embrylogy provide evidence for the theory of evolution?

A

The more closely related organisms are, the more the development stage resembles each other.

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21
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Structures still present in modern organisms that serve no purpose, ex appendix.

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22
Q

How does molecular biology/ genetics provide evidence for the theory of evolution? What do all organisms share?

A

All organisms share similar proteins and DNA.

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23
Q

How do fossils provide evidence for the theory of evolution?

A

This is the human intervention in the evolution process.

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24
Q

What is taxonomy a study of?

A

A scientific study of how living things are classified.

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25
Q

What are the two early kingdoms that aristotle grouped organisms in?

A

Plantae and animalia

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26
Q

What were animals grouped according to in during early classifications?

A

Size and habitat

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27
Q

What were plants grouped according to in during early classifications?

A

According to 3 stem types

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27
Q

What was the problem with early classifications?

A

Where did fungi/mushroom fit in?

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27
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A

Archae, bacteria, Eukarya

28
Q

What is the kingdom(s) in archae called?

A

archaebacteria

29
Q

What is an example of the kingdom protista?

A

Ameoba

29
Q

Which domains are prokaryotic? Which are eukaryotic?

A

Archae/bacteria are prokaryotic (before nucleus), eukarya is eukaryotic (after nucleus)

30
Q

What is the kingdom(s) in bacteria called?

A

eubacteria

31
Q

What is the kingdom(s) in eukarya called?

A

plantae, animalia. fungi, protista

32
Q

Were do organisms in the domain archae live?

A

Extreme consitions such as hot springs and vents.

33
Q

How do organisms in the archaebacteria kingdom get their nutrients?

A

Chemosynthesis

34
Q

How do eubacterian organisms such as e.coli get their nutrients?

A

Heterotrophic by absorption, autotrophs by photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis

35
Q

How do members of the plantae kingdom get nutrients?

A

Photosynthesize to make food (autotrophs)

36
Q

How do members of the fungi kingdom get nutrients?

A

Decomposition (heterotrophs)

36
Q

Are members of the archaebacteria and eubacteria kingdoms single celled or multicelled?

A

Single-celled

37
Q

What two kingdoms contain sessile organisms?

A

Plantae and Fungi

38
Q

Are members of the fungi kingdom unicellular or multicellular?

A

Both

39
Q

What kingdom does mold belong in?

A

Fungi

40
Q

How do members of the protista kingdom get their food?

A

heterotrops (ingest food or decomposers), autotrophs

41
Q

Are members of the protista kingdom uni or multi cellular?

A

Both

42
Q

Cell walls are present in all kingdoms besides two. What are those two kingdoms?

A

Animalia and protista

43
Q

What are the full classification of American Elm (plant)?

A

Eukarya, Plantae, Magnoliophyta, Mangnoliopsida, Urticales, Ulmacea, Ulmus, Ulmus americana

43
Q

What is the list of classications of an organism?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (DKPCOFGS)
Danish King Phylum Came over for Good Spaghetti

44
Q

How do you write the species name when handwritten?

A

Genus is capitalized and underlined. Species is lower case and underlined.

45
Q

What is the human characterization?

A

Eukarya, animalia, chordata, mammalia, primates, hominidae, homo, Homo sapiens

46
Q

How many choices does each step of the dichotomous key have?

A

Two

47
Q

What do you call groups that share more nodes in a cladogram?

A

Ingroups

48
Q

What do you call a group in a cladogram that shares the least number of nodes?

A

The outgroup

49
Q

The closer to the terminal node you are in a cladogram, are you more ingroup or outgroup?

A

In group

50
Q

What is a clade?

A

A group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor. It is the entirety of the brnaches from a target node.

50
Q

What methods can be used to determine the relationship between species?

A

DNA/amino acid sequences.

50
Q

Are cladograms made from analogous traits, homologous traits, or both?

A

Homologous traits

50
Q

Will species that share more characteristics be closer together or further on the cladogram?

A

Closer

51
Q

What is an example of a group that got split up due to cladistics using genetics?

A

The Figwort Family (snapdragon family)

52
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the phyla Bryophyta?

A

no roots, have rhizoids that dont absorb nutrients like usual plant roots, mosses release spores.

53
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the phyla filicinophyta?

A

have leaves, roots, non-woody stems, have large leaves, ex ferns

54
Q

What is a characteristic of the phyla coniferopyta?

A

Have needle-like leaves

55
Q

What is a characteristic of angiosphermaphyta?

A

Have flowers.

56
Q

What is a characteristic of poriferas?

A

Have sponge like appearances.

57
Q

What is a characteristic of a cnidaria?

A

Hacve jelly-fish appearances.

58
Q

What is a characteristic of annelidas?

A

Ring like structure like worms.

59
Q

What is a characteristic of arthropodas?

A

Exoskeletons like spiders, ants.

60
Q

What is the characteristic of a platyhelmenthia?

A

Flat soft bodies liek tapeworms

61
Q

What is the formation of a new species through natural selection called?

A

Speciation

62
Q

What are two pathways of generating new species?

A

Transformation and divergence

63
Q

What is the differnence between transformation and divergence?

A

Transformation means one species gradually changes to another while divergence means one or more species arise from a parent species that continues to exist.

64
Q

What are some ways to seperate populations? (2)

A

Geographical barriers, biological barriers.

64
Q

In order for speciation to occur, what must be prevented from breeding?

A

Populations

64
Q

Is behaviour a biological barrier?

A

Yes

65
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

When speciation occurs due to genetic variation allowing individuals to exploit different resources.

66
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

The radiation of a common ancestral species into a variety of species which are all differently adapted.

67
Q

What are the paces of evolution? (2)

A

Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

68
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Long periods of equilibrium interrupted by rapid periods of speciation.

69
Q

What is needed for speciation to occur?

A

Genetic mutations.

Bio 20 IB (6 decks)

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