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AP Euro > Digestion system > Flashcards

Digestion system Flashcards

1
Q

two parts of nutrition

A

ingestion and digestion

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2
Q

ingestion

A

taking food into the digestive system

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3
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food in order to utolize nutrients

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4
Q

types of nutrients

A

micro and macro

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5
Q

types of nutrients

A

micro and macro

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6
Q

micronutrients

A

vitamins minerals and water

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7
Q

macronutrients

A

proteins lipids and carbohydrates

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8
Q

What are the two tupes of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

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9
Q

mechanical digestion in the mouth

A

the teeth breaking down food

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10
Q

chemical digestion in the mounth

A

saliva digesting starch

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11
Q

amylase

A

saliva, that breaks starches into glucose monomers

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12
Q

Mucin

A

slippery protein that protects the soft lining of the digestive system; lubricates food for easier swallowing

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13
Q

buffers

A

neutralize acid to prevent tooth decay

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14
Q

anti-bacteriel chemicals

A

kill bacteriea hat enter the mouth with food

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15
Q

parts of tooth

A

crown, root, enamil, dentin and pulp

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16
Q

crown

A

part of the tooth above the gum

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17
Q

root

A

part of the tooth below the gum

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18
Q

enamil

A

calcium salt

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19
Q

dentin

A

bone like enamel; hardest substance in the body

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20
Q

bolus

A

lump formed with food and saliva

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21
Q

Epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage that closes the trachea when swallowing

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22
Q

where does food leave the mouth

A

through the esophagus

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23
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary muscle contractions that move food along

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24
Q

pharynx

A

region in the back of the throught that connects to the larynx and the esophagus

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25
Q

how long is the pharynx

A

about 15 cm

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26
Q

how long is the pharynx

A

about 15 cm

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27
Q

digestive glands

A

groups of specialized secretory cells

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28
Q

where are difestive glands found

A

the lining of the alimentary canal or accessory organs

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29
Q

segmentation

A

involuntary contractions for the mixing of food

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30
Q

layers of the alimentary canal

A

mucosa, submuosa, muscular layer and serosa

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31
Q

Mucosal layer

A

inner most layer, secretes mucus

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32
Q

submuosal layer

A

provides elacticity of the tube; contains blood vessels

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33
Q

muscular layer

A

smooth muscle tissue, circular + longitudinal fibrs that pushes and mixes food

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34
Q

serosa (serous layer)

A

Visceral peritoneum, outercovering of the tube that moistens and lubricates structures.

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35
Q

Esophageal Hiatus

A

where the esophagus penatrates the diapram,

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36
Q

where does the esophagus connect to the stomach

A

at the cardiac sphincter

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37
Q

function of the stomach

A

temporary food storage/ mechanically and chemically breaks food down into chyme

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38
Q

function of the stomach

A

temporary food storage/ mechanically and chemically breaks food down into chyme

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39
Q

where does chymeleave the stomach

A

the pyloric sphincter

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40
Q

regions of the stomach

A

cardiac, fundic, body (greater and lesser curvature) and pyloric

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41
Q

stomach functions

A

food storage, dinfect food, and chemical digestion

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42
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme in stomach that breaks down protiens

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43
Q

Omentum

A

large apron like fold of visceral peritonium that hangs from the greater andd lesser curvature

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44
Q

accesory organs

A

pancreas, gallbladder, liver and salivary glands

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45
Q

gall bladder

A

patch near liver that stores bile

46
Q

bile duct

A

long tube that carries bile through the pancreas and to the intestine

47
Q

Function of Bile

A

breaks down fats

48
Q

pancreas

A

organ that secretes digestive enzyms an horomones

49
Q

where is all digestion completed

A

small intestine

50
Q

pancrease enzymes

A

trypsin, chymotrypsisn, Amylase, and lupase

51
Q

trypsin

A

digests protiens

52
Q

chymotrypsin

A

digests proteirs

53
Q

amylase

A

digests starch

54
Q

lipase

A

digests fat

55
Q

Buffers

A

neutralizes acid from stomach

56
Q

Liver functions

A

maintains blood glucose level, breaks down lipids, fats and protien, stores vitamins and detoxifies substance; produces bile that breaks down fat

57
Q

where does most chemical digestion take place

A

small intestine

58
Q

where in the small intestine do simple sugars and protiens go

A

they are absorbed into the inner lining

59
Q

where do fatty acids and glycerol go in the small intestine

A

they go to the lymphatic system

60
Q

villi

A

hair like stuff that increases surface area of the small intestine

61
Q

mesentary

A

membranous tisue that supports the folds of the intestines

62
Q

how large is the small intestine

A

over 6 meters long with the surface area the size of a thennis court

63
Q

three sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ilenum

64
Q

duodenum

A

1st section; acid food from stomach mixes with digestive juices

65
Q

jejunum

A

absorption of nutrients and water

66
Q

ileum

A

absorption of nutrients and water (vitamins A B12 D E and K)

67
Q

how much fluids does small intestine intake

A

90% of our body’s fluida

68
Q

what happened when not enough water is absorbed in the large intestines

A

diarrhea

69
Q

what happens when too much water is absorbed by the large intestine

A

constipation

70
Q

what is the name for undigestible solids that flow through the large inestine

A

fibers

71
Q

what does the large intestine absorb

A

water and vitamins K and B

72
Q

how does the large intestine further breakdown food

A

using the bacteria that live in it

73
Q

bacteria in the large intestine

A

produce viamins and produce gas as a product of metabolizing the food waste

74
Q

Rectum

A

last section of the large intestine; exit point of waste from the body

75
Q

Ulcers

A

erosion of the surface of the alimentary canal, usually associated with some kind of irritant

76
Q

appendicitis

A

an inflimation of the appendox due to infection

77
Q

treatment for appendicitis

A

removal of the appendix by surgery

78
Q

gallstones

A

an accumulation of hardened cholestorol or calcium deposits in the gallladder

79
Q

gallstones solution

A

they can either be passed or surgically removed

80
Q

heartburn

A

acid from the stomach backs up into the esophagus

81
Q

hernia

A

intestines protruding through the abdominal wall

82
Q

Papillae

A

bumps on the toun that help it grip food and contain taste buds

83
Q

what is the roof of the mouth called

A

the palate

84
Q

function of the hard pallate

A

allows for a place to mash food against

85
Q

function of the soft palate

A

closes off nasopharynx when you swallow

86
Q

what are the three salivary glands

A

Parotid, sublingual and submandibular

87
Q

where is the paroitid gland

A

back of the mouth

88
Q

where is the sublingual glands

A

right behind your bottom gums

89
Q

where is the submandibular glands

A

under your tounge, behind the sublingual

90
Q

where is the submandibular glands

A

under your tounge, behind the sublingual

91
Q

what does hydrochloric acid do

A

chemically breaks down food, denatures protiens and kills bacteria

92
Q

pepsin

A

chemical mixture found in stomach that digests proteins

93
Q

entero endocrine cells

A

trigger other cells to contract or produce chemicals

94
Q

G cells

A

cells that produce gastrin

95
Q

what are the three phases of stomach secretion

A

cephallic,

96
Q

what are the three phases of stomach secretion

A

cephallic, Gastric and intestinal

97
Q

cephallic phase

A

brain senses food and sends signal to make stomach prepare for food

98
Q

Gastric phase

A

stomach activates strech receptors and increases gastrin production

99
Q

intestinal phase

A

speeds or slows rate of stomach emptying so small intestines are not overwhelmed

100
Q

what can cause the stomach to vomit food

A

too muc food, bacteria or viruses, drugs and alchohol, and stress

101
Q

chemical unit for energy in food

A

calorie

102
Q

what do enzymes do

A

speed up chemical reactions that break up food

103
Q

four main food molecules

A

carbohydrates, protiens, lipids and nucleic acids

104
Q

purpos of mucus in the digestive tract

A

lubrication as well as protecting your own cells from digestive chemicals

105
Q

Type of muscle responsible for peristalsis

A

smooth

106
Q

enzyme needed to digest lactose

A

lactase

107
Q

why is bile needed to break down fats

A

because fat is not water soluble

108
Q

how does bile break down fats

A

bile prevents molecules from sticking together before they can be digested

109
Q

peptidase breaks down

A

protiens

110
Q

what cells absorb monomers

A

epithelieal cells

111
Q

haustral contractions

A

contractions in the large intestine that occur every 30 minutes and last for 1 minute; they move feces throug the intestine

112
Q

parasympathetic defication reflex

A

the opening of the internal anal sphincter

AP Euro (10 decks)

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