Digestive Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Signaling molecule made by adipose cells (body fat) that suppresses appetite
A
Leptin
2
Q
Signaling molecule made in the stomach and brain that increases appetite
A
Ghrelin
3
Q
takes food into the digestive system
A
ingestion
4
Q
breaks down food into smaller bits or molecules
A
digestion
5
Q
moves nutrient molecules from the gut into the body’s internal environment
A
absorption
6
Q
expels unabsorbed material from the digestive tract
A
elimination
7
Q
four actions of the digestive system
A
ingestion,digestion,absorption,elimination
8
Q
digestive system that has one opening that takes in food and expels wastes
A
incomplete
9
Q
digestive system, a tube with two openings (mouth and anus), and specialized areas between them
A
complete
10
Q
accessory organs that assist digestion
A
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
11
Q
function of 4 chambered stomach of cows
A
to help process nutrients from grass
12
Q
functions of crop
A
storing food
13
Q
function of gizzard
A
grinding food
14
Q
where food is food is physically broken down into smaller pieces by teeth
A
mouth
15
Q
Breaking of food into smaller pieces by mechanical processes such as chewing
A
mechanical digestion
16
Q
component of tooth that is living cells
A
pulp
17
Q
bonelike material that surrounds the teeth
A
dentin
18
Q
Hard material covering exposed surface of teeth
A
enamel
19
Q
Breakdown of food molecules into smaller subunits by enzymes
A
chemical digestion
20
Q
act of mixing food with enzyme-containing saliva that begins chemical digestion
A
chewing or mastication
21
Q
Enzyme in saliva that begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking starch into disaccharides
A
salivary amylase
22
Q
Muscular tube between the throat and stomach
A
esophagus
23
Q
If food enters the larynx, ________ occurs
A
choking
24
Q
moves food through the esophagus, which is separated from the stomach by a sphincter
A
peristalsis
25
Ring of muscle that controls passage through a tubular organ or body opening
sphincter
26
Muscular, stretchable organ that mixes food with gastric fluid that it secretes
stomach
27
Fluid secreted by the stomach lining; contains enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and mucus
gastric fluid
28
Mix of food and gastric fluid
chyme
29
The stomach has three functions:
* Mixes and stores ingested food
* Secretes substances that begin food breakdown
* Helps control passage of food into the small intestine
30
Protein digestion starts in the
stomach
31
cuts proteins into polypeptides
pepsin
32
unfolds proteins
gastric fluid
33
Digestion of all nutrients is completed in the
small intestine
34
Longest portion of the digestive tract
| •Site of most digestion and absorption
small intestine
35
Multicelled projections from small intestine lining, containing blood and lymph vessels
Covers intestinal folds
Villi
36
Thin projections that increase the surface area of brush border cells
Microvilli
37
receives chyme from the stomach, enzymes from the pancreas, and bile from the gallbladder
small intestine
38
* Organ that secretes digestive enzymes that break carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids down into subunits in the small intestine
* Also secretes hormones into the blood
pancreas
39
assists fat digestion by keeping fat droplets from clumping together, providing greater surface area for digestion
bile
40
Mix of salts, pigments, and cholesterol produced by the liver; aids in fat digestion
bile
41
Organ that produces bile, stores glycogen, and detoxifies many substances
liver
42
Organ that receives bile from the liver and expels it into the small intestine
gall bladder
43
absorbs minerals and water, and concentrates undigested residues as feces
large intestine
44
* Organ that receives digestive waste from the small intestine and concentrates it as feces
* Absorbs ions and vitamins made by bacteria living in the colon
large intestine
45
another name for large intestine
colon
46
Unabsorbed food material and cellular waste that is produced by digestion
feces
47
Final portion of the large intestine that stores feces; stretching triggers defecation reflex
rectum
48
Inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
49
wormlike projection from the first part of the large intestine
appendix
50
Small growth from the wall of the colon that may become cancerous; detected and removed by colonoscopy
colon polyp
51
three main categories of nutrients
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
52
Organic substance required in small amounts for essential metabolic tasks
vitamin
53
Fat-soluble vitamins
a,d,e,k
54
Water-soluble vitamins
b and c
55
Inorganic substance required in small amounts for essential metabolic tasks
mineral
56
examples of mineral
iron, calcium
57
the body’s internal environment
| consists mostly of interstitial fluid and plasma
extracellular fluid
58
Organ system that filters blood, and forms, stores, and expels urine
urinary system
59
Organ that filters water, mineral ions, nitrogen wastes and other substances from blood; returns water and non-wastes to blood, and forms urine
Kidney
60
Mix of water and soluble wastes formed and excreted by the urinary system
Urine
61
Tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the bladder
Ureters
62
Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine
Urinary bladder
63
Tube through which urine from the bladder flows out of the body
Urethra
64
Constantly filters water and all solutes except proteins from blood; reclaims water and solutes as the body requires, and excretes the remainder as urine
kidney
65
Channel for urine flow from a kidney to the urinary bladder
ureter
66
Stretchable container for temporarily storing urine
urinary bladder
67
Channel for urine flow between the urinary bladder and body surface
urethra
68
Kidney tubule and associated capillaries; filters blood and forms urine
nephron
69
Urine forms in nephrons by three processes:
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
70
* Blood pressure forces water and small solutes, but not blood cells or proteins, out across the walls of capillaries at the start of a nephron
* These enter the nephron’s tubular parts
flitration
71
* Water and solutes to be conserved move out of the tubular parts, then into the capillaries that thread around the nephron
* A small volume of water and solutes remains in the nephron
Reabsorption
72
* Hormone produced by the pituitary gland
* adjusts urine concentration by increasing water reabsorption by the kidney
* As a result, more water returns to the blood rather than leaving in the urine
Antidiuretic hormone
73
* H+ and other unwanted substances move out of capillaries and into the nephron for excretion
* Essential for regulating the pH of the internal environment
Tubular secretion
74
when filtration rate falls by half) causes waste buildup and can be fatal
kidney failure
75
Procedure used to cleanse blood and restore proper solute concentrations in a person with impaired kidney function
kidney dialysis
76
Dialysis solution is pumped into a patient’s abdominal cavity. Wastes diffuse across the lining of the cavity into the solution, which is then drained out.
Peritoneal dialysis
77
Tubes carry blood from a patient’s body through a filter with dialysis solution that contains the proper concentrations of salts. Wastes diffuse from the blood into the solution and cleansed, solute-balanced blood returns to the body.
Hemodialysis
78
A disorder in which a person does not eat enough to maintain a healthy weight, despite having access to food
Anorexia
78
Waxy fat like substance in the bloodstream of all animals
| Believed to be dangerous when It builds up on arterial walls and contributes to the risk if coronary heart disease
Cholesterol
79
A visceral watery fluid secreted into the mouth by the salivary gland
Saliva
80
Whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus
Alimentary canal
81
First section of small intestine located between the stomach
Duodenum
82
Middle portion of small intestine
Jejunum
83
Portion of S.I. That connects to the large intestine
Ileum
84
Occurs when bacteria convert food stuck to a tooth into an acidic plaque
Tooth decay
85
The plaque dissolves a hole in the tooth creating A _____
Cavity
86
Acid reflux Caused by the sphincter not shutting properly
Heartburn
87
How many layers of smooth muscle are in the stomach? Epithelium?
3 layers
| Glandular epithelium
88
Erosion of the stomach lining
Bacteria infect stomach lining
Continual use of aspirin
Ulcer
89
Hard pellets of cholesterol or pigment that sometimes form in the gallbladder
Most are harmless
Gallstones
90
Frequent passing of watery feces
diarrhea
91
Carries blood to be cleansed to each kidney
Renal artery
92
Cleanse the blood and for urine by three processes
Nephron
93
Transports cleansed blood away from kidneys
Renal vein
94
Acidic by products of fat and protein digestion that must be filtered from the blood by the kidney
Ketones
95
Measured as the rate of filtration
Kidney function
96
Exchange of solutes between two solutions that are separated by a semipermeable membrane
Dialysis
97
Dialysis that can be done at home
Peritoneal dialysis
98
Absorbs most of the water that enters the gut
Small intestine
99
Kidneys return water and small solutes to the blood by the process of
Reabsorption
100
Water loss triggers ----- in ADH secretion
Increase
101
Kidneys adjust the blood acidity by increasing nor decreasing the ----- of H+
Secretion
102
Place where an artery runs near the body surface
Pulse point
103
Valve failure in the legs cause
Varicose veins
104
Prevents lining of the stomach from having contact wt acids
Mucous
105
Ph of stomach
1
106
Parts of the stomach
Anterior cardia
| Posterior pyloric
107
Lining of esophagus
Stratified cuboidal non keratinizing
108
Where oral and nasal passages converge
Pharynx
