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Digestive And Nervous System Test Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

4 steps of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
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2
Q

Mouth Anatomy (7)

A
  1. Incisors
  2. Premolar (Bicuspid)
  3. Tounge
  4. Uvula
  5. Canine (cuspid)
  6. Molars
  7. Tonsil
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3
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Mastication, peristalsis, segmentation - in the intestines.

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4
Q

How many salivary glands and their names. +

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Sublingual
  3. Submandibular
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5
Q

Saliva contains what? And what reaction does this undergo?

A

Saliva contains amylase an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars. (Chemical reaction: hydrolysis-water breaking macromols into monomers.)

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6
Q

Epiglottis is…

A

A flap of cartilage that filps when swallowing to close off lungs and open stomach passageway.

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7
Q

Bolus

A

A masticated ball of food at the moment of swallowing.

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8
Q

Perastalisis

A

Muscular contractions that push food down.

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9
Q

The bolus exits the esophagus and enters the stomch through…

A

A muscular valve called the sphincter.

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10
Q

The stomach contains… that helps is chemical digestion.

A

HCL (hydrochloric acid) and pepsin (enzyme)

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11
Q
  1. HCL…
  2. Pepsin…
A
  1. HCL breaks down proteins into smaller molecules.
  2. Pepsin breaks down proteins into amino acids [CHEMICAL DIGESTION]
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12
Q

Food after stommach digestion is called?

A

Chyme

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13
Q

Mucus coating protects the lining of the stomach from…

A

Gastric acid

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14
Q

Ulcer? Cause?

A

A hole located in the wall of the stomach or small intestine. Caused by bacteria.

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15
Q

Growling

A

Empty stomach + peristatic contractions.

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16
Q

Acid reflux (heart burn)

A

Gastric juices reflux into the esophagus and burn its lining.

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17
Q

Vomiting (reverse peristalsis)

A

Medulla oblonga says to barf.

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18
Q

Absorption: Small intestines

A

(SI) Diameter of 7 meters
Absorbes nutients like (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals) are absorbed into the circulatory system.

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19
Q

Duodenum

A

First 25cm (secretion of liver and pancreas)

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20
Q

Jejunum:

A

Middle 2.5m

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21
Q

Ileum:

A

4m (end)

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22
Q

Villi and micro villi

A

Finger like projections linging the inside of the small intestine. Micro villiamaller fingers on the villi.

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23
Q

Anal sphincter

A

Regulates passageway of feces from large intestine to rectum.

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24
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile: bile breaks down fat into fat droplets (emulsification)

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25
Gullbladder
Bile stored in gullbladder. Bile is released into the duodenum of the small intestines.
26
Pancreas
Releases pancrotic amylase (breaks down starches into sugar) and pancreotic acid that chemically breakes down chyme.
27
Cornea
Clear outer part of the eye. Helps focus infont of the eye.
28
Aqueous humor
Thin watery fluid fills the space between the cornea and the theiris. Nourshes the cornea ans the lens. Gives the front of the eyes its form and shape.
29
Iris / pupil
Iris: regulates the amount of light entering the eye. Pupil: size of openining controlled by iris.
30
Lens
Clear part of the eye behind the iris. Allows focus for near and far objects. Focuses light onto retina.
31
Vitreous humor
Clear gel filling the inside of the eye. Holds shape of the eye.
32
Fovea/macula
Jj
33
Retina
The light sensitive tissue. Lines the back of the eyeball. Sends electrical impulses to the brain.
34
Rods/cones
Jj
35
Optic nerve
Bundle of sensory nerve fibers (over 1 million) Carries visual information to the brain (occipital lobe)
36
Sclera
Identify location: "whites of the eye"
37
Choroid
Identify location
38
4 steps of hearing
1. Sound causes the eardrum to vibrate. 2. Vibration is passed to the ossicular chain. 3. Creates waves inthe fluid in the cochlea causing hair cells to bend and send an impulse to the auditory nerve. 4. The auditory nerve sends information to the brain.
39
Hair cells
Hair cells bend as fluid from the cochlea make waves/vibrations send electrical impulses to the auditory nerve.
40
Two types of deafness
1. Conductive - ear drum no vibration or ossicular chain does not send vibration. 2. Nerve - disease, trama or other disruptions tatgeting the cochlear nerve. Electrical impulses not reaching then brain.
41
Hearing aids
The microphone picks up sound and amplifies the signal. It is now directed to the ear canal.
42
The Ossicular Chain
Carries vibration from eardrum to cochlea. Malleus (hammer). Inxus (anvil). Stapes (stirrup).
43
Auricle (Pinna)
Collects sound. Helps with sound localization.
44
Auditory canal
Directs sound to the ear drum.
45
Tympanic Membrane
"Ear drum" doundary between outer and middle ear. Vibrates in responce to sound waves.
46
Eustachian Tube
NOT A PART OF THE HEARING PROCESS (connects middle ear to the back of the throught.) Equilizes air pressure. Only open when swallowing or yawning.
47
Cochlea
Organ (snail shaped with fluid-filled with tunnels) converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
48
Semicircular Conals
NOT A PART OF HEARING 3 of them make up the vestibular system. Shares fluin with cochlea. Controls ballance.
49
Retinal scan Macula Fovea
1. Looking at marks through the retina. 2. Central vision contains fovea. Small area of retina. 3. Center of macula shapest vision hight consentration of rods and cones.
50
Rod cells Cone cells Eye lid
1.In retina / night vision. (Modified neuron) 2. In retina / see color. (Modified neron) 3. Protection, limits light entrance
51
Myopia Hyperopia Cataracts
1. Near sighted, focuses light and image FRONT OF FOVEA. 2. Far sighted, focuses on light and images BACK OF FOVEA. 3. clousing of lens fuzzy images.
52
Astigmatism Glaucoma Conjunctives
1. Correctable focuses on 2 or more points. 2. Pressure builds up. Retinal cells die and optic nerves. 3. Inflamation of the conjuctiva. Usally caused by bacteria or viruses.
53
4 reflux arc steps
1. Stimulus is picked up by a sensory neuron. 2. A sensory neuron sends an impulse to the spinal cord. 3. The spinal cord sends an impulse to the motor neuron. 4. They send it to the muscles.
54
Neuron 3 types +
1. Motor 2. Sensory 3. Inter
55
(CNS)
Brain Spinal cord
56
(PNS)
Motor neurons Sensory neurons
57
Brain Spinal cord
1. Processes information. 2. Bundle of nerves extending down the brain. Relays information to the brain. Used in reflux arc
58
Motor neurons Sensory neurons
1. Carry impulses from CNS to muscles or glands. Causes muscles to contract or glands to swcrete hormones. 2. Carry impulses from the sense organs (receptors) to the brain and spinal cord. Receptors detect external and internal changes.
59
Somatic Nervous System Automatic Nervous System
1. Voluntary control of body movments via skeletal muscles. 2. Involuntary control of smooth mucles (digestion, breathing, ect.)
60
Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division
1. Controls responces to a perceived threat. And is responcible for the "fight or flight" responce. 2. Controls homeostasis when the body is at rest and is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" function.
61
Cerebrum
Big , left and right
62
Corpus callosum
Connects right and left to communicate.
63
Cerebral cortex
Sensory and motor processing thin outer layer.
64
Cerebellum
Coordination of muscle contractions.
65
Brain stem
Links the cerebrum to the spinal cord.
66
Midbrain
Relays info for visual and auditory
67
Pons
Controls facial movments
68
Medulla oblongata
Relay ans control of various homeostatic activities.
69
Thalamus
Relay station. Directs incoming sensory signals to the proper part of the cc
70
Hypothalamus
Homestasis control Directly and indirectly controls the body hormone production.
71
Limbic system
Controls emotion, memmory, and motivation. Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex.
72
Dendrites
Extends off cell body. Receive neuroteansmitters from other neurons.
73
Axons
Receives electrical impulses from the cell body. Long extension from the cell body. Contains a cytoplasm that conducts electrial impulses.
74
Myelin sheath and schwann cells
Insulation around axon, speeds up electrical impulses. Formed by schwann cells.
75
Node of Ranvier
Gap between the myelin sheath, impulse jups from node to node and gets stronger.
76
Axon terminal
End of axon. Release neurotransmitters (chemicals) that are picked up by dendrites of next neuron.
77
Acton potential
Potential: Difference in change (volts) across the membrane through gated channels.
78
Action potential steps
1. Resting potential 2. Depolarization (action potential) 3. Polarization
79
1. Resting potential
No impulse, -70 mv, neg inside, pos outside, Na+ closed, K+ open,
80
2. Depolarization (action potential)
Once it hits -70mv, Na+ open, K+ closes, charge inside is now +40.
81
3. Reploarization
Since its +40 mv, Na+ closes and K+ opens, and the sodium potassium pump brings it back to normal (-70mv) by pumping out 3 Na+ and pumpin in 2 K+

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