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Human Physiology > Digestive and Nutrition > Flashcards

Digestive and Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

A: nutrition is the process by which organisms get and use their food

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2
Q

What are the two parts of nutrition?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
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3
Q

What ingestion?

A

A: process of taking food into the digestive system to be digested and absorbed

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4
Q

What is digestion?

A

A: the breakdown of food into pieces your cell can use

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5
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Mechanical
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6
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

A: can make their own food

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7
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

A: cannot make their own food

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8
Q

What two things are micronutrients?

A
  1. Vitamins
  2. Minerals
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9
Q

What amounts of micronutrients are needed for your body to function normally?

A

A: small amounts

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10
Q

What is special about micronutrients?

A

A: they (and water) can be absorbed without digestion

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11
Q

What are three things that are macronutrients?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Fats
  3. Carbohydrates
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12
Q

What amounts of macronutrients are needed for the body to function normally?

A

A: large amounts

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

A: starches

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14
Q

Macronutrients require _________.

A

A: digestion

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15
Q

How much percent of energy for the body should carbohydrates (sugars and starches) make up?

A

A: 50%

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16
Q

What are carbohydrates a major source of?

A

A: energy for the body

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17
Q

What three foods are carbohydrates found in?

A
  1. Fresh fruits
  2. Vegetables
  3. Whole grains
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18
Q

What is fibre?

A

A: a type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested

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19
Q

What muscles does fibre stimulate?

A

A: muscles of the intestines

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20
Q

What has an adequate amount of fibre in a diet been shown to do?

A

A: reduce the risks of colon and rectal cancers

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21
Q

What are proteins?

A

A: the building blocks of cells and tissues in living things

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22
Q

What are proteins needed for?

A

A: help repair and make new cells

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23
Q

Proteins help ________ _________ take place in the body.

A

A: chemical reactions

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24
Q

What are six sources of fats?

A
  1. Meats
  2. Seafoods
  3. Nuts
  4. Oils
  5. Dairy
  6. Eggs
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25
What are the four functions of fat?
1. They can store energy 2. Help absorb vitamins 3. Protect organs 4. Keep the body warm
26
What can too much fat lead to?
A: high cholesterol which can lead to heart disease and obesity, potentially causing other health problems
27
What is another term for sugar?
A: empty calories
28
Why are sugars considered “empty calories”?
A: it provides energy but little to no other nutrients
29
What are four things that sugar can cause?
1. Obesity 2. Heart disease 3. Diabetes 3. Cancer
30
What are four things nutrition labels must include?
1. Serving size 2. Calories 3. % daily value 4. Thirteen core nutrients
31
What is a calorie?
A: a unit to measure the energy potential of food
32
What must happen to food for it to be used by cells?
A: must be broken down into smaller pieces
33
What is digestion?
A: the process by which food molecules are broken down
34
What does chemical digestion do?
A: changes the kinds of molecules
35
What is chemical digestion carried out by?
A: digestive enzymes
36
What are two examples of chemical digestion?
1. Saliva: breaks down starch into sugars 2. Bile: produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, breaks down fats
37
What does mechanical digestion do?
A: turns big pieces of food into smaller pieces to help with chemical digestion
38
What are two examples of mechanical digestion?
1. Mouth: food is crushed, broken and cut into smaller pieces 2. Stomach: stomach churning squishes food into smaller pieces
39
What is the pathway of food through the body?
1. Mouth 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small intestine 5. Large intestine
40
What are the three parts of the mouth?
1. Tongue 2. Teeth 3. Saliva
41
What does the tongue do?
A: move food around
42
What do teeth do?
A: mechanically break down food
43
What does saliva do?
A: moistens food and chemically digests starch into sugars
44
What is the esophagus?
A: the tube that carries food to the stomach
45
What is peristalsis?
A: involuntary wave-like muscle contractions which move food through the digestive tract
46
What is the epiglottis?
A: a flap in the throat that covers the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent food from entering the lungs
47
What are the stomach’s three jobs?
1. Temporarily stores food 2. Mechanically digests food 3. Begins digesting proteins
48
How long does the stomach store food?
A: usually 2-4 hours after it’s been eaten
49
How does the stomach begin digesting proteins?
A: using hydrochloric acid
50
What is the small intestine?
A: a long, narrow twisted-up tube
51
Where is digestion finished and nutrients are absorbed into the blood?
A: small intestine
52
What two structures help the small intestine?
1. Liver 2. Pancreas
53
What does the liver produce?
A: bile, which is stored in the gall bladder and helps digest fat
54
What does the pancreas produce?
A: enzymes which help with chemical digestion
55
What is the large intestine?
A specialized tube that absorbs water
56
What is the appendix?
A: a sac-like structure in humans
57
Where is the appendix found?
A: where the small intestine turns into the large intestine
58
What is heart burn?
A: acid from the stomach comes up the esophagus
59
What are ulcers?
A: sores on the inner lining of the stomach stomach wall, caused by bacterial infections
60
What are gallstones?
A: an accumulation of hardened deposits in the gallbladder
61
What is liver cirrhosis?
A: scarring of the liver
62
What is anorexia?
A: a psychological condition where one refuses to eat
63
What is bulimia?
A: psychological condition where one binge eats and force vomits repeatedly
64
What is appendicitis?
A: inflammation of the appendix due to infection
65
What is constipation?
A: a condition where the large intestine is emptied with difficulty. Too much water is absorbed and the waste hardens
66
What is diarrhea?
A: a condition where the waste moves too quickly through the intestines. Less water and fewer nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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