Digestive and respiratory

Question 1

animals whose primary food source is plant- based.

Answer 1

herbivores

Question 2

animals that eat other animals

Answer 2

Carnivores

Question 3

are those that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients

Answer 3

obligate carnivores

Question 4

are those that also eat non-animal food in addition to animal food

Answer 4

Facultative carnivores

Question 5

are animals that eat both plant- and animal-derived food

Answer 5

omnivores

Question 6

Many aquatic animals are ____, which eat small organisms or food particles suspended in the water.

Answer 6

suspension feeders

Question 7

feeders like the humpback whale shown above move water through a filteringstructure to obtain food.

Answer 7

filter feeders

Question 8

animals that live in or on their food source, eating their way through the food

Answer 8

substrate feeder

Question 9

suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

Answer 9

fluid feeder

Question 10

eat relatively large pieces of food

Answer 10

bulk feeders

Question 11

is found in organisms with only one opening for digestion.

Answer 11

gastrovascular cavity

Question 12

is a more advanced system: it consists of one tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other.

Answer 12

alimentary canal

Question 13

this type of digestive system consists of one stomach chamber. Humans and many animals (herbivores) have this system

Answer 13

monogastric: single chambered stomach

Question 14

The stomach of birds has two chambers:

Answer 14

proventriculus and gizzard

Question 15

are mainly herbivores like cows, sheep, and goats, whose entire diet consists of eating large amounts of roughage or fiber.

Answer 15

ruminants

Question 16

The digestive enzymes of these animals cannot break down cellulose, but microorganisms present in the digestive system can. Therefore, the digestive system must be able to handle large amounts of roughage and break down the cellulose.

Answer 16

pseudo-ruminant

Question 17

is a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane andfeatures a basic histological organization that is similar across allof its segments of the tract.

Answer 17

GI tract

Question 18

four layers of the gi tract

Answer 18

adventitia, submucosa, muscularis externa (2 layers)

Question 19

consists of connective tissue containingblood vessels, nerves, and fat.

Answer 19

adventitia

Question 20

is a thick connective tissue layer thatcontains arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves.

Answer 20

submucosa

Question 21

surrounds the submucosa and iscomposed of two muscle layers, the inner circular layer andouter longitudinal layer.

Answer 21

muscularis externa

Question 22

Thereare four distinct types of mucosal variations:

Answer 22

Protective mucosa, Secretory mucosa, Absorptive mucosa, Absorptive/protective mucosa

Question 23

is characterized by a stratified squamousepithelium. It is found in the oral cavity, pharynx,esophagus, and anal canal.

Answer 23

Protective mucosa

Question 24

contains cells that are responsible for thesecretion of digestive enzymes. It is found exclusively in thestomach

Answer 24

Secretory mucosa

Question 25

contains two key structures, crypts andvilli, and is responsible primarily for absorbing digestednutrients. It is found along the entirety of the small intestine.

Answer 25

Absorptive mucosa

Question 26

specializes in waterabsorption and mucous secretion. It is found in the largeintestine.

Answer 26

Absorptive/protective mucosa

Question 27

is the most widespreadepithelium. This type of epithelia varies in thickness depending onthe number of cell layers present.

Answer 27

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 28

are mitotically active andreplace the cells of the epithelium which are lost by "wear andtear".

Answer 28

basal cell

Question 29

is followed by layers of cells withpolyhedral outlines.

Answer 29

basal cell layer

Question 30

is seen as single layer of tall, closelypacked cells, aligned like soldiers in a row. This epithelial typelines the digestive tract from the stomach to the rectum.

Answer 30

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 31

are mostly associated with absorption andsecretion, and the digestive tract lining has two distinctmodifications that reflect those dual functions:

Answer 31

Columnar cells| microvilli and goblet cells

Question 32

is the point of entry of food into thedigestive system,

Answer 32

oral cavity

Question 33

There are three major glands thatsecrete saliva:

Answer 33

* the parotid* the submandibular* the sublingual.

Question 34

Saliva contains the following:

Answer 34

mucus, immunoglobulins, salivary amylase, lipase

Question 35

The chewing and wetting action provided by the teeth and salivaprepare the food into a mass called the

Answer 35

bolus

Question 36

is junction that opens to both theesophagus and the windpipe (trachea).

Answer 36

Pharynx

Question 37

As you swallow, the top ofthe windpipe moves up so that its opening, the ____, is blockedby a cartilaginous flap called the ______

Answer 37

glottis, epiglottis

Question 38

is a tubular organ that connects the mouth to thestomach.

Answer 38

Esophagus

Question 39

The smooth muscles of theesophagus undergo a series of wave like movementscalled __ that push the food toward the stomach

Answer 39

peristalsis

Question 40

A ring-like muscle called a __ forms valves in the digestivesystem.

Answer 40

sphincter

Question 41

__ is located at thestomach end of the esophagus.

Answer 41

gastro-esophageal sphincter

Question 42

True or false. Many animals have a true sphincter; however, in humans, there is no true sphincter, but theesophagus remains closed when there is no swallowing action.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

occurs when the acidic digestive juicesescape into the esophagus.

Answer 43

Acid reflux or “heartburn”

Question 44

is a saclike organ that secretes gastric digestivejuices.

Answer 44

stomach

Question 45

Protein digestion is mediated by an enzyme called __ in the stomach chamber.

Answer 45

pepsin

Question 46

Another cell type secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, which combine in the lumen to form hydrochloric acid, the primary acidic component of the stomach juices.

Answer 46

parietal cells

Question 47

The partially digested food and gastric juicemixture is called

Answer 47

chyme

Question 48

is the organ where the digestion of protein, fats, andcarbohydrates is completed.

Answer 48

small intestine

Question 49

The small intestine is a long tube-likeorgan with a highly folded surface containing finger-likeprojections called the

Answer 49

villi

Question 50

The apical surface of each villus hasmany microscopic projections called.

Answer 50

microvilli

Question 51

The human small intestine is over 6m long and is divided intothree parts:

Answer 51

a. duodenum b. jejunum c. ileum

Question 52

is produced in the liver and stored and concentrated in thegallbladder.

Answer 52

bile

Question 53

reabsorbs the water from theundigested food material and processes the waste material.

Answer 53

large intestine

Question 54

three parts of the large intestine

Answer 54

cecum, colon, rectum

Question 55

is an opening at the far-end of the digestive tract and isthe exit point for the waste material.

Answer 55

anus

Question 56

Two sphincters between therectum and anus control elimination:

Answer 56

the inner sphincter isinvoluntary and the outer sphincter is voluntary.

Question 57

are organs that add secretions (enzymes) that catabolize food into nutrients.

Answer 57

Accessory Organs

Question 58

is the largest internal organ in humans and it plays a veryimportant role in digestion of fats and detoxifying blood.

Answer 58

liver

Question 59

is a small organ that aids the liver by storing bileand concentrating bile salts.

Answer 59

gallbladder

Question 60

is the processof taking in food through the mouth.

Answer 60

ingestion

Question 61

is the mechanical and chemical break down of food intosmall organic fragments.

Answer 61

digestion

Question 62

The disaccharides are broken downinto monosaccharides by enzymes called

Answer 62

maltases, sucrases,and lactases

Question 63

is a process in which large lipidglobules are broken down into several small lipid globules.

Answer 63

emulsification

Question 64

contain triglycerides,cholesterol, and other lipids and have proteins on their surface.

Answer 64

Chylomicrons

Question 65

Fat solublevitamins are absorbed in the same manner as

Answer 65

lipids

Question 66

Water-soluble vitamins canbe directly absorbed into the bloodstream from the

Answer 66

intestine

Question 67

is a condition wherethe feces are hardened because of excess water removal in thecolon.

Answer 67

constipation

Question 68

if enough water is not removed from the feces,it results in

Answer 68

diarrhea

Question 69

is elimination of food by forceful expulsionthrough the mouth.

Answer 69

Emesis, or vomiting

Question 70

The source of O2, called the

Answer 70

respiratory medium,

Question 71

The part of an animal’s body where gas is exchanged with thesurrounding environment is called the

Answer 71

respiratory surface.

Question 72

is a slow, passive transport process. In orderfor diffusion to be a feasible means of providing oxygen to the cell,the rate of oxygen uptake must match the rate of diffusion acrossthe membrane.

Answer 72

diffusion

Question 73

Systems of Gas Exchange

Answer 73

Direct Diffusion, Skin and Gills, Tracheal Systems in Insects, Mammalian Respiratory System

Question 74

is the mostabundant cartilage type in the body.

Answer 74

hyaline cartilage

Question 75

The respiratory or gas-exchange region of the lung is composed ofmillions of

Answer 75

alveoli

Question 76

Tissue types in the respiratory system

Answer 76

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, hyaline cartilage, Simple squamous epithelium.

Question 77

During inhalation, air enters the body through the __ located just inside the nose.

Answer 77

nasal cavity

Question 78

is coated with mucus to seal thetissues from direct contact with air.

Answer 78

respiratory tract

Question 79

From the nasal cavity, air passes through the __ andthe ___, as it makes its way to the __

Answer 79

pharynx (throat); larynx (voice box); trachea

Question 80

The main function of the trachea

Answer 80

to funnel the inhaled air to the lungs and the exhaled air back out of the body.

Question 81

True or false. The lungs are not identical

Answer 81

true

Question 82

The ___ is larger andcontains three lobes, whereas the smaller __ contains twolobes.

Answer 82

right lung; left lung

Question 83

In the lungs, air is diverted into smaller and smaller passages, called

Answer 83

brochi

Question 84

Each bronchus divides intosecondary bronchi, then into tertiary bronchi, which in turn divide,creating smaller and smaller diameter ____ as they split

Answer 84

bronchioles

Question 85

bronchioleswith a diameter smaller than 0.5 mm are the

Answer 85

respiratorybronchioles

Question 86

subdivide into microscopic branchescalled respiratory bronchioles.

Answer 86

terminal bronchioles

Question 87

___ are attachedto the end of each bronchiole. At the end of each duct areapproximately 100 ___, each containing 20 to 30 ___

Answer 87

alveolar ducts; alveolar sacs; alveoli

Question 88

Gas exchangeoccurs only in

Answer 88

alveoli

Question 89

Alveoli are in direct contact with ____of the circulatory system.

Answer 89

capillaries (one-cell thick)

Question 90

The air that organisms breathe contains ___ suchas dust, dirt, viral particles, and bacteria that can damage thelungs or trigger allergic immune responses.

Answer 90

particulate matter

Question 91

The breathing mechanism involves two processes:

Answer 91

* Inspiration* Expiration

Question 92

In the process of ____, there would be acontraction of muscles attached to the ribs on the outer sidewhich pulls out the ribs and results in the expansion of the chestcavity.

Answer 92

inspiration or inhalation

Question 93

The ___ process is considered once after the gaseousexchange occurs in the lungs and the air is expelled out.

Answer 93

expiration process

Question 94

The neurons mainly responsible for regulating breathing are in the ___, near the base of the brain

Answer 94

medulla oblongata

Question 95

wheezing and breathlessness caused by anarrowing of the airways

Answer 95

asthma

Question 96

inflammation of the lung’s larger airways

Answer 96

bronchitis

Question 97

disease of the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs

Answer 97

ephysema

Question 98

an allergic reaction to pollen, dust or otherirritants

Answer 98

hay fever

Question 99

caused by viruses

Answer 99

influenza

Question 100

inflammation of the voice box (larynx)

Answer 100

laryngitis

Question 101

infection of the lung

Answer 101

pneumonia