Integumentary System Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
- A network of features that forms
the covering of an organism. - Delimits the body of the
organism, separating it from the
environment and protecting it
from foreign matter. - At the same time, it gives
communication with the outside,
enabling an organism to live in a
particular environment.
A
Integumentary System
2
Q
Species that has epidermis provides all the basic
features of an integument.
A
Cnidarians
3
Q
What do corals release through their epidermis
A
Calcareous skeleton
4
Q
What species that are protected by shell, which is made up of calcium carbonate secreted by the mantle
A
Mollusks
5
Q
What species such as flukes and tapeworms have a body covering known as tegument.
A
Platyhelminths
6
Q
What do bacteria have that helps them maintain the shape
and turgidity of the cell and
affords protection
A
Cell Wall
7
Q
In nematodes, it provides all the basic features of an integument
A
Epidermis
8
Q
Nematodes has a thick outer _____
A
Cuticle
9
Q
Largest organ of the body
A
Skin
10
Q
Skin is also known as the
A
Cutaneous membrane
11
Q
Main components of the skin
A
Epidermis and Dermis
12
Q
It refers to the Keratinized
stratified epithelium
A
Epidermis
13
Q
Loose connective
and dense irregular tissue
A
Dermis
14
Q
also known
as superficial fascia/
subcutaneous tissue
A
Hypodermis
15
Q
5 Skin Function
A
Protection
Excretion
Vitamin D Synthesis
Thermoregulation
Sensation
16
Q
What happens to the blood vessels of the skin when cold
A
Blood vessels constrict which allows more heat carrying blood to circulate to the muscles and organs
17
Q
What happens to the blood vessels of the skin when hot
A
The blood vessels in the skin dilate that brings more blood to the surface for cooling by radiation
18
Q
sensitive to
stimuli from external environment
A
Exteroceptors
19
Q
sensitive to
stimuli from internal environmen
A
Interoceptors
20
Q
sensitive to both external and internal stimuli and are responsible for relaying information about our body’s spatial position to the brain
(muscle length and tension, limb
position)
A
Proprioceptors
21
Q
Types of receptors according to
source (location) of stimulus
A
Exteroceptors
Interoceptors
Proprioceptors
22
Q
Type of Stimulus detected
A
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptor
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Osmoreceptors
Baroreceptors
23
Q
Detect deformation of the receptor or adjacent cell; provides a sensation of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium, blood pressure, and stretching of internal organs
A
Mechanoreceptors
24
Q
Detects change in temperature
A
Thermoreceptors
25
Respond to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue
Nociceptor
26
Detect the light that strikes the retina of the eye
Photoreceptors
27
Detect chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids
Chemoreceptors
28
Sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids
Osmoreceptors
29
Sensitive to pressure changes and considered as mechanoreceptors
Baroreceptors
30
Enumerate the Cutaneous receptors
Free nerve endings
Meissner's corpuscle (tactile corpuscle)
Ruffini endings
Root hair plexus
Pacinian Corpuscle
Krause end bulbs
Merkel's disks
31
sensitive to heat, cold or pain
(thermoreceptors, nociceptors and mechanoreceptors).
Free nerve ending
32
respond to
touch and low-frequency vibration.
Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)
33
detect stretch, deformation withinjoints,
and warmth (sensitive to pressure).
Ruffini ending
34
very sensitive mechanoreceptor for
touch that is located at the base of the hair.
Root hair plexus
35
the largest skin receptor, very quick to
adapt to skin displacement (sensitive to pressure).
Pacinian corpuscle
36
mechanoreceptors, sensitive to cold,
more superficially located than Ruffini endings
Krause end bulbs
37
located superficially in the dermis,react slowly to pressure (sustained pressure)
Merkel's Disks
38
- Make up 95% of cells in the
epidermis
- Strengthens epidermis,
makes it resistant to
mechanical trauma
- Joined by desmosomes
- Arranged into “strata
(layers)”
Keratinocytes
39
Strata/Layers of the epidermis
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granolosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum (Stratum bassale or bassal bottom)
40
the outermost strata of the epidermis. It is mostly dead cells, filled with a protein substance called keratin. It is thicker on the soles of the feet
than on the eyelids…where there is less pressure.
Stratum corneum
41
a
translucent layer lying directly beneath the
corneum. It may not even exist in thinner skin.Cells in this layer are also dead or are in the process
of dying.
Stratum lucidum
42
one or more layers of cells starting to die and become hard. They are in the process of
keratinization becoming
fibrous protein similar to that in hair and nails.
Stratum granulosum
43
composed of daughter keratinocytes and dendritic cells, which fight infections in the body
Stratum spinosum
44
Stratum spinosum is shiny in appearance due to protruding structures called
Desmosomes
45
is composed of several
layers of living cells capable of cell division. It is the innermost layer of the epidermis, and contains melanin -
the pigment that gives color to the skin. The more abundant the melanin the darker the skin color. Damage to this layer,
such as in severe burns, requires skin grafts. Helps to
synthesize vitamin D
Stratum germinativum (Stratum bassale or bassal bottom)
46
compose mostly of superficial layer of
the epidermis and several layers of dead,
flattened keratinocytes; sheds dead
keratinocytes
stratum corneum
47
found deep to the Stratum Corneum; found
in thick skin; and compose of clear layer of
dead keratinocytes
stratum lucidum
48
the middle layer of the epidermis named
for prominent granules; with 3-5 rows of cells;
and excretes a lipid-based substance
Stratum granulosum
49
Deep to the Stratum Basale; the thickest
stratum of the epidermis named due to its spiky
appearing cells; with cells that are metabolically
active (undergo mitosis): help to synthesize
vitamin D
Stratum Spinosum
50
the deepest layer of the epidermis; consists of a
single layer of stem cells; contains melanin; rich in blood supply; with cells that are mostly metabolically active (undergo mitosis); helps to synthesize vitamin D
stratum germinativum
51
Enumerate Keratinocyte Life Cycle
- Begins in the Stratum Spinosum
- Can shed from environmental
and physical stress
- Shed cells are replaced by mitosis
- Cells primarily divide at
night
- Stratum corneum sheds
dead keratinocytes )
52
Found in the Stratum Spinosum
Contain Phagocytes of the immune system
Protects the skin and underlying tissue from pathogens
Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells
53
- Oval cells found in the Stratum Basale
- Contain sensory receptors that detect light touch, shapes, and textures
- Also found in the fingertips, lips, and base of hair
Merkel Cells
54
Found in the Stratum Basale
Produces melanin, a protein that gives pigment to skin
Melanocytes (melan-black)
55
a protein that gives pigment to skin
Melanin
56
When exposed to extra pressure, both thick and thin skin will develop extra layers of the Stratum Corneum
Callus
57
- Anchors epidermis in place
- It contains the lymphatics,
nerves, nerve endings, blood
vessels, sebaceous and sweat
glands, elastic fibers, and hair
follicles.
Dermis
58
2 layers of the Dermis
Papillary layer and Reticular layer
59
It is the uppermost layer of the
dermis and is composed of
loose areolar conective tissue
Papillary layer
60
It is composed of dense irregular
connective tissue.
Reticular layer
61
- Found on the surface of the
papillary layer
- Houses tiny blood vessels
called capillaries and Tactile
(Meissner) corpuscles
Dermal Papillae
62
- The most superficial layer of the
dermis and onsists of loose
connective tissue
- Contains collagen fibers that
anchor dermis and epidermis
together
Papillary Layer
63
- Elastic fibers that allow skin to
revert after stretching
- Contains proteoglycans that hydrate
the skin
- Contains blood vessels and
accessory structures (hair, sweat
glands, sebaceous glands)
- Contains sensory receptors, such
as Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles
that respond to changes in pressure
and vibration
Reticular layer
64
It is composed of adipose
tissue. It supports, nourishes, insulates, and cushions the skin.
Subcutaneous tissue or Hypodermis
65
Interactions between the dermis and
epidermis are shown on the skin as small
lines
Skin marking
66
Thick collagen fibers arrange the
dermal papillae into
Dermal ridges
67
The epidermis will blend in with the dermal
papillae that lies underneath, creating?
Epidermal ridges
68
Tiny sweat pores open along the ridges to
form a thin film called a ?
Fingerprint
69
Gaps found in between bundles of
collagen will indent to form cleavage
lines, also known as
Tension lines
70
are produced when a high number of melanocytes are proliferated in one spot.
Moles
71
are produced when pigment is concentrated in one spot from a high amount of melanin production.
Freckles
72
It is when melanocytes fail to produce the tyrosinase enzyme. This lack of skin pigmentation can increase the risk of DNA damage of keratinocytes.
Albinism
73
- Gives yellow-orange pigment
- Lipid-soluble molecule
- Usually ingested in diet from yellow and
orange foods
- Accumulates in stratum corneum
Carotene
74
- Gives skin a pinkish hue
- Protein found in red blood cells that binds and
transports oxygen
- Turns a bright-orange red color when oxidized
Hemoglobin
75
Part of the hair that projects from the
surface of the skin.
Shaft
76
Part of the hair that is embedded in
the dermis of the skin.
Root
77
Indentation at the base of the hair bulb that contains blood vessels.
Hair Papilla
78
Structure at the deep end of the
hair follicle
Hair Bulb
79
Structure at the base of hair
bulb that produces new hairs via
mitosis.
Hair Matrix
80
Infolding surrounding the hair root
Hair follicle
81
Two parts of the Epithelial Root Sheath
Outer and Inner component
82
Anchors hair follicle to the dermis
Outer component
83
Anchors tightly to the root
Inner component
84
Supports the hair follicle and separates it from the dermis
Dermal Root Sheath
85
It is a threadlike structure formed by a group of cells that develop within a hair follicle or socket
Hair
86
is attached to the side of each
follicle. It is stimulated by skin irritants, emotional arousal, or cold temperatures, and reacts by contracting.
Arrector pili muscle
87
It is transparent and covers the hair shaft like shingles on a roof, protecting it from the elements and chemicals, and from losing moisture.
Cuticle
88
provides most of the hair’s weight. It contains melanin which provides color to the hair,
stores oils, provides flexibility and elasticity and adds shape to the hair.
Cortex
89
is an inner hollow core that runs the length of the
shaft. Found in thick hairs only and contains soft keratin
Medulla
90
- Mitosis occurs in the matrix of the root
- As cells divide, cells above are pushed upward from blood supply
- Cells keratinize and die
Hair Growth
91
- Cells in matrix stop dividing and begin to die
- The follicle shortens
- Hair is pushed upward and remains dormant for a few months
Resting Stage
92
Length of average hair growth per month
1 cm - 1.5 cm
93
is a type of thin hair that has no pigment. It grows on the skin of a fetus,
and usually falls out by the time the baby is born.
Lanugo
94
is thinner than terminal hair, and is nonpigmented. It is found around various places of the body
Vellus hair
95
is thick, coarse, and pigmented. It is found on the scalp and around the eyes (eyelashes,eyebrows).
Terminal hair
96
Released through sweat pores. Produces sweat that contains antimicrobial compounds to prevent the growth of pathogens. Also functions in thermoregulation.
Eccrine sweat glands
97
Sweat released into hair pores. Only in certain parts of the body such as armpits, areolas, and the anal area. Sweat metabolized by bacteria which produces an odor.
Apocrine sweat glands
98
Secretes a thick fluid called cerumen (earwax) into hair follicles. Cerumen lines the ears and functions to lubricate the eardrum. Traps particles before they reach the eardrum
Ceruminous Glands
99
Produces a sweat called milk. Milk contains, proteins, lipids, sugars, and immune cells to nourish a newborn.
Mammary glands
100
are oil glands. They have tiny
ducts that open into each hair follicle
Sebaceous
101
secrete a mixture of salt, urea, and water, which microorganisms on the skin convert to odorous products.
Apocrine glands
102
release watery secretions in
evaporative cooling
Eccrine glands
102
Sweat glands produce
Sweat or perspiration
103
they are active only on the pads of the paws or along the lip margins and may be entirely
absent over the rest of the body; such animals often depend on panting for effective temperature control
Sudoriferous Glands
104
Are involved in skin problems such as acne and keratosis pilaris. A blocked sebaceous gland can
result in a sebaceouscyst
Ceruminous glands
105
Are the organs that, in the female
mammal, produce milk for the
sustenance of the young. These
exocrine glands are enlarged and
modified sweat glands and are the
characteristic of mammals which
gave the class its name
Mammary glands
106
are hard structures located at the end of our digits that contain hard keratin
Nails
106
Part of the nail that rests on top of the
epidermal nail bed.
Nail Plate
107
Deep to the nail plate, nourishes and
protects the nail
Nail bed
108
Visible part of the nail
Nail body
109
Lies under the skin
Nail root
110
Part of the nail with living, dividing cells.
Supplies oxygen to the nail, sight of nail growth
Nail matrix
111
Covers the edge of the root
Proximal nail fold
112
Also known as the “cuticle”, found at the
base of the nail, protects matrix from infection
Eponychium
113
Overlapping of skin that borders the nail
laterally and medially
Nail folds
114
Skin that lies under the free edge of the
nail
Hyponychium
115
Crescent shaped area where keratin
accumulates
Lunula
116
The nail root is also called as what
germinal matrix
117
An ingrown toenail happens when the corner
or edge of your toenail curves and grows into
the surrounding skin
Ingrown toenail
118
- Modification of the epidermis
- Flat, horny plates (fingers and toes in
primates)
- Claws (in reptiles, birds, and
mammals) and hooves (in ungulates,
are exaggerated nails)
- Horns in sheep, goats and cattle (not
to be confused with antler, made of
bone; not formed in the epidermis)
- Baleen plates in whales
Nail
119
Bird's skin is divided into
(1) feathered skin
(2) scale
covered skin on the lower legs and feet
(3) hard, horny
areas of the beak and toenails
(4) pad of the foot (or plantar); and skin of the comb and wattles
120
The integumentary system of a chicken consists of
the feathers, and the appendages (beaks and claw)
121
The areas where feathered skin grows
pterylae
122
The areas where feathered skin does not grow
apteria
123
color bearing cells that give many lizards and snakes their colorful hues
chromatophores
124
- Skin that excrete pheromones that function in sex recognition and defense
- Skin has no respiratory function
Reptile skin
125
Molting process is also known as
ecdysis
126
concentric ridges-milkfish
Cycloid scales
127
w/spines or ctenii
Ctenoid scales
128
rhomboid shape
Ganoid scales
129
spines directed caudally-sharks,skates
Placoid scales
130
- Skin is permeable and functions in gas exchange
- Epidermis also has mucous glands (prevents
bacterial and fungal infections, as well as reduc
friction when the fish swims) and granular gland
(secrete an irritating / poisonous alkaloid)
Bony fish
131
Skins of bony fish contains what scales
cycloid, ctenoid, and ganoid
132
The skin is covered in placoid scales
(bony, spiny projections with an enamel-like covering), or dermal denticles, tooth-like
scales different from the flat scales found on bony fish. The dermal denticles is structurally homologous with vertebrate teeth.
Cartilaginous Fish
