Digestive/Circulatory system Flashcards
1
Q
Digestive system
A
group of organs that take in food and change it into a form the body can use
2
Q
How many ways does the food change as it moves thru the digestive system?
A
2, physical + chemical change
3
Q
Physical change
A
when large pieces of food are broken down into smaller pieces, only size and shape of particles different
4
Q
Chemical change
A
turns food into a form that the cells can use by breaking bonds
5
Q
What speeds up chemical change?
A
enzymes
6
Q
What is the digestive pathway made up of?
A
A one way pathway for ingested food and certain accessory organs that help the digestive system function
7
Q
What is the one way passageway called?
A
GI tract (gastrointestinal)
8
Q
What is the GI tract?
A
a hollow tube w an opening at either end
9
Q
How long is the average GI tract?
A
29ft long
10
Q
Study Organ Diagram
A
Do it again
11
Q
Mouth
A
Oral cavity
12
Q
Mechanical digestion in mouth
A
Teeth break pieces of food into smaller pieces to increase the surface area for enzymes
13
Q
Chemical digestion in mouth
A
salivary amylase in saliva breaks down the starch into maltose
14
Q
What secretes saliva in the mouth?
A
salivary glands
15
Q
What is salivary amylase?
A
Enzyme which begins the digestion of carbohydrates
16
Q
Tongue
A
helps mix the chewed food w/ saliva and moves it to the back of the mouth, to the pharynx for swallowing
17
Q
What does swallowing do?
A
moves the epiglottis over the trachea to prevent the food from entering the lungs
18
Q
Esophagus
A
muscular tube that connects mouth to stomach
19
Q
Does any digestion take place in the esophagus?
A
No
20
Q
Peristalsis
A
Slow rhythmic muscular contractions of the walls of the esophagus
21
Q
Function of peristalsis
A
help move food to stomach
22
Q
Cardiac sphincter
A
ring of muscle found btwn the esophagus and stomach.
23
Q
function of Cardiac sphincter
A
helps control passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach
24
Q
stomach
A
muscular sac w/ glands that both physically and chemically digests.
25
How does stomach physically digest?
physically mixes food by contracting walls of stomach
26
How does stomach chemically digest?
releasing gastric juice
27
What are the two types of glands the stomach contains?
Pyloric glands and gastric glands
28
Pyloric glands
secrete mucus which covers the stomach lining and protects it
29
Gastric glands
release gastric juice
30
What does gastric juice contain?
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin
31
Why HCl in gastric juice?
providing the right pH for enzymes
32
Why pepsin in gastric juice?
begins the digestion of proteins by breaking down proteins into polypeptide chain
33
What stimulates flow of gastric juice?
food touching lining of stomach, thought/smell/sight/taste of food, stretching of stomach wall by large food mass
34
chyme
new post stomach liquid form of food
35
What happens to the chyme?
moves into the small intestine
36
pyloric sphinctor
a sphinctor that controls the passage of food from the stomach to small intestine
37
small intestine
long coiled 20ft tube w/ a small diameter
38
Accessory organs function
connect to small intestine, release fluids which help in digestion into the duodenum
39
duodenum
upper part of small intestine
40
List of accessory organs
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
41
Liver
makes bile
42
Bile
chemical helps liquify fats
43
What is the process of bile liquifying fats called?
emulsification
44
What does emulsification do?
Helps increase surface area so that more enzymes can chemically digest it
45
When the bile leaves the liver, where does it go?
Gallbladder
46
Gallbladder
small, baglike structure under the liver
47
Gallbladder function
stores bile until it's ready to be released into small intestine
48
Pancreas
Makes enzymes that are released into the small intestine through a duct
49
What are the three enzymes of the pancreas?
Protease, lipase, and amylase
50
Protease
digests proteins
51
Lipase
digests lipids
52
Amylase
digests carbohydrates
53
What enzymes does the small intestine produce?
peptidase and maltase
54
peptidase
breaks down polypeptides to amino acids
55
maltase
breaks down disaccharides to monosaccharides
56
villi
fingerlike structures found in lining of small intestines
57
In the villi
vessels that absorb the nutrients
58
microvilli
smaller projections then villi found on the cells bordering the villi. they further increase the surface area
59
capillaries
small blood vessels that absorb sugars and amino acid
60
lacteals
lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb fatty acids and glycerol
61
large intestine
larger diameter but shorter length then small intestine, undigested food moves here from SI
62
what happens to excess water in the large intestine
reabsorbed, helping body to conserve water
63
What lives in the large intestine
helpful bacteria that produce necessary compounds (Vitamin K)
64
Remaining wastes of large intestine
moved to rectum
65
where are feces released?
anus
66
Appendix
small fingerlike part found where small and large intestines meet, doesn't take part in digestion
67
ulcer
stomach, open sore on wall of digestive tract, irritated by acid of gastric juice
68
treatment ulcer
antacid/special diet/medications
69
constipation
large intestine, excessive removal of water from undigested material, hardening feces
70
constipation result of...
insufficient roughage in diet
71
roughage
food that can't be totally digested
72
diarrhea
large intestine, insufficient removal of water from undigested material, making feces watery
73
diarrhea causes and results
infection, dehydration of body tissues
74
appendicitis
appendix is infected and inflamed. if unable to control, surgery is needed to remove it.
75
gallstones
small hard particles of cholesterol form and collect in the gallbladder, possibly blocking the bile duct and causing pain
76
treatment gallstones
remove gallbladder
77
transport
process by which substances move into or out of/distributed within cells
78
Why don't simple organisms need a circulatory system?
Materials can easily diffuse in and out of the cells
79
Why do complex organisms need a circulatory system?
Large, contain cells far from the outside environment
80
Circulatory system
Transport materials to and from all parts of the organism
81
What is blood?
A fluid in which the materials are transported
82
What are blood vessels?
A network of tubes through which blood flows
83
Protist circulation
No circulatory system (transfer thru diffusion/active transport.) movement aided by cyclosis
84
Cyclosis
streaming of the cytoplasm
85
Hydra
No circulatory system (transfer thru diffusion of water.) muscular movemnts of hydra stretching helps distrubute materials in gastrovascular cavity
86
Earthworm
closed circulatory system
87
hemoglobin
red pigment found in blood of humans and earthworms, carries O2
88
open circulatory system
blood not contained within vessels
89
closed circulatory system
blood contained within vessels
90
Earthworm-blood vessels
two major vessels, branch off into capillaries
91
capillaries
tiny blood vessels one cell thick everywhere that nutrients and waste diffuse in and out of body tissues w
92
Earthworm hearts
5 aortic arches, pumping blood btwn the two vessels
93
Grasshopper
open circulatory system (only transports nutrients and wastes, colorless-no hemoglobin)
94
Gas transportation grasshopper
separate tubes
95
Heart grasshopper
single vessel-aorta, and tubular heart in back of grasshopper, pumping blood
96
Which is less efficient open or closed?
open
97
Blood
picks up and delivers needed materials (O2, nutrients, water) and picks up waste products (urea, CO2)
98
Veins
carry blood back toward heart, one way valves, many located near skeletal muscle helping to force blood thru
99
arteries
large vessel that carry O2'ed blood away from heart (except for pulmonary artery), thick walls
100
capillaries
connect veins and arteries, smallest
101
heart
pump that helps circulate blood thru the vessels
102
types of blood vessels
3: veins, arteries, capillaries (arterioles and venules)
103
Human heart location and size
near center of chest, clenched fist
104
human heart
pumps blood throughout the whole body
105
pericardium
protective sac of tissue around the heart
106
myocardium
thick layer of muscle in walls of heart, provides contractions to pump blood
107
Speed and amount of heart blood
contacts 72 times per minute, 70ml of blood each contraction
108
Septum
wall between two sides of heart
109
Atrium
Upper chamber (s), receiver of blood
110
Ventricle
Lower chamber(s), pumper of blood, thicker walls
111
AV valves
Atrioventricular valves allow blood to flow from atria to the ventricles
112
Tricuspid valve
located on right side of heart, containing three flaps
113
What are the two AV valves?
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves
114
Bicuspid valve/Mitral valve
located on left side of heart containing two flaps
115
semilunar valves
two valves located between the ventricles and the arteries that lead away from them
116
What do semilunar valves do?
preventing blood from flowing back to the ventricles
117
Right side of heart
blood from all over body enters and pumped toward lungs
118
What does blood do in the lungs?
drop off CO2, pick up O2
119
left side of heart
after lungs, the now-O2'ed blood flows enters it and is pumped to rest of body, to drop off O2 and nutrients and pick up waste
120
What happens to the blood after it travels through the body?
It returns, O2 poor bc the cells took most of it, loading the blood w CO2. It's ready for lungs
121
pulmonary circulation
pumping of blood from heart to lungs and then back to the heart
122
systemic circulation
the pumping of blood from heart to body then back to heart
123
right side of heart blood
deoxygenated
124
left side of heart blood
oxygenated
125
Process
Not O2ed blood to right atrium thru vena cavas thru tricuspid valve to RV to pulmonary artery thru semilunar valve to lungs to LA thru pulmonary vein thru bicuspid valve into LV to aorta thru semilunar valve to body
126
Coronary circulation
systemic circulation to muscles of heart
127
Renal circulation
systemic circulation to kidneys
128
What does the kidney do with the waste (urea, salt, water) from the blood?
Disposed of in form of urine
129
Hepatic portal circulation
systemic circulation from digestive tract to liver
130
What does the liver do to the blood?
Absorbs excess glucose as stored glycogen or release glucose if there's a shortage, maintaining the balance
131
Sound of heartbeat
valves closing shut
132
what causes first sound of heartbeat
bicuspid and tricuspid valve when ventricles squeeze
133
what causes second sound of heartbeat
semilunar valves when ventricles stop squeezing
134
sinoatrial node
small group of cardiac muscle cells located in the RA where contractions begin
135
pacemaker
sinoatrial node
136
What contracts the atria and pumps blood into ventricles?
impulse from pacemaker spreading to muscle fibers in atria
137
Where does the pacemaker impulse spread?
atrioventricular node and purkinje fibers, pumping blood out of heart
138
where are the purkinje fibers?
fibers in the ventricles
139
atrioventricular node
bundle of fibers in atria
140
What can the nervous system do to the heart?
stimulate it to change pace for more O2 rich blood
141
largest artery
aorta, from LV to rest of body
142
largest vein
vena cava
