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BIO 153 > Digestive Physiology > Flashcards

Digestive Physiology Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

What is MECHANICAL DIGESTION?

A

The breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles

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2
Q

What 3 structures are involved in MECHANICAL DIGESTION?

A
  1. TEETH (especially MOLARS and PREMOLARS)
  2. STOMACH (churning)
  3. SMALL INTESTINE (segmentation)
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3
Q

What is CHEMICAL DIGESTION?

A

Enzymatic breakdown of organic MACROMOLECULES into smaller MOLECULES (MONOMERS)

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4
Q

What happens to CHEMICAL BONDS during CHEMICAL DIGESTION?

A

They are broken

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5
Q

What is released when CHEMICAL BONDS are broken?

A

ENERGY

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6
Q

What is the ENERGY released by broken BONDS used for?

A

Making ATP

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7
Q

CHEMICAL DIGESTION involves________ _______

A 
CATABOLIC REACTIONS
(large macromolecules/polymers are broken down into smaller molecules/monomers)
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8
Q

True or false:

CATABOLIC REACTIONS are EXERGONIC/EXOTHERMIC

A

True

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9
Q

What happens during an EXERGONIC/EXOTHERMIC REACTION?

A

ENERGY is released when CHEMICAL BONDS are broken; this ENERGY can be used to make high ENERGY phosphate bonds in ATP

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10
Q

True or false:

A PROTEIN is a short POLYMER of AMINO ACIDS (A.A)

A

False

long not short

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11
Q

How many A.A are there? How many are essential in our diets?

A

20, 8

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of complex CARBOHYDRATES

A

STARCH and GLYCOGEN

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13
Q

Give 3 examples of DISSACCHARIDES

A

SUCROSE, MALTOSE, and LACTOSE

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14
Q

Give 3 examples of MONOSACCHARIDES

A

GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, and GALACTOSE

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15
Q

What does GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY ACIDS make?

A

TRIGLYCERIDE

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16
Q

Where does most absorption occur?

A

In the SMALL INTESTINE (S INT), especially in the ILEUM and JEJUNUM, across the BRUSH BORDER membrane

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17
Q

Where do small nutrient molecules go?

A

They move into EPITHELIAL CELLS, then into BLOOD or LYMPH CAPILLARY (LACTEALS)

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18
Q

How do MONOSACCHARIDES and A.As move into CELLS, even when concentration is high in CELLS

A

By COTRANSPORT

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19
Q

What is another way MONOSACCHARIDES and A.As move into CELLS

A

By FACILITATED DIFFUSION

*this only moves down the concentration gradient

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20
Q

How would products of PROTEIN and CARBOHYDRATE digestion enter the LIVER?

A

First step - Enter CAPILLARIES on the LAMINA PROPRIA
Second step - Enter the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
Then - They’ve made it to the LIVER, YAY

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21
Q

Are transporters required to bring LIPIDS (MONOGLYCERIDES + FATTY ACIDS) across the BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE?

A

Nope

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22
Q

Are LIPIDS WATER-SOLUBLE?

A

No

duhh they’re LIPID-SOLUBLE

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23
Q

What must happen to LIPIDS before they can be transported in BLOOD or LYMPH?

A

They must be coated in PROTEIN and PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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24
Q

What are the LIPOPROTEINS called?

A

CHYLOMICRONS

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25
How would FATTY CHYLE get from the LACTEALS to VEINS?
First step - LACTEALS deliver to CISTERNA CHYLI Second step - Drains to the THORACIC DUCT Then - They're in the VEINS, YAY
26
What breaks down TRIGLYCERIDES in the ENDOTHELIUM of CAPILLARIES?
The ENZYME LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE
27
TRIGLYCERIDES break down into...
...MONOGLYCERIDES + FATTY ACIDS
28
FATTY ACIDS go to which 3 things?
1. ADIPOSE TISSUE (stored as TRIGLYCERIDES) 2. MUSCLE (used for ENERGY) 3. The LIVER (processing center)
29
Where are LIPOPROTEINS synthesized?
In the LIVER
30
F of LIPOPROTEINS?
F - transport LIPIDS (TRIGLYCERIDES/CHOLESTEROL) to and from LIVER and TISSUES
31
True or false: | LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL) = less of LIPID, lots of PROTEIN
False | LDL = *Lots* of LIPID, *less* PROTEIN
32
What is HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL)?
The opposite of LDL; less LIPID, lots of PROTEIN
33
What is a risk of high LDL?
Inc. risk of HEART ATTACK and STROKE
34
Which VITAMINS are water-soluble? How are they absorbed?
B and C, FACILITATED DIFFUSION
35
What is INTRINSIC FACTOR?
a GLYCOPROTEIN secreted by PARIETAL CELLS of STOMACH
36
What does INTRINSIC FACTOR do?
Enables the body to absorb VITAMIN B12
37
Which VITAMINS are fat-soluble? How are they absorbed?
A, D, K, and E, DIFFUSION with LIPIDS (incorporated into CHYLOMICRONS
38
What is PERNICIOUS ANEMIA?
A genetic defect that codes for INTRINSIC FACTOR; cannot absorb VIT B12, which is required for CELL division
39
True or false: | Transporters are not required for water-soluble and charged ions/electrolytes
False | They *are* required
40
Absorption of ions/electrolytes is done using ________ _______ or ________ __________
FACILITATED DIFFUSION, ACTIVE TRANSPORT
41
Na+ is...
...COTRANSPORTED
42
What activates the Ca2+ transporter?
VITAMIN D3 and PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
43
What kind of transport does IRON use?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT (enhanced by VIT C/acids)
44
Which is easier to transport: | Fe3+ or Fe2+
Fe2+ (conversion facilitated by VIT C/acids
45
How does H2O enter the GI TRACT?
From food beverages and GI secretions
46
How many ml of H2O from food and fluids?
2000 ml
47
How many ml of H2O from saliva?
1500 ml
48
How many ml of H2O from gastric secretions?
2000 ml
49
How many ml of H2O from intestinal secretions?
1500 ml
50
How many ml of H2O from pancreatic secretions?
1500 ml
51
How many ml of H2O from bile?
500 ml
52
What is the total fluid entering the GI TRACT daily?
9000 ml
53
How is H2O reaborbed?
OSMOSIS
54
Where is 92% of H2O absorbed?
In the S. INT.
55
Approx. what % is reabsorbed in the LARGE INTESTINE (L. INT.)
6 - 7%
56
How many ml/day are excreted in FECES?
Only about 150 ml
57
2 things that regulate DIGESTION
1. HORMONES | 2. ANS - The ENTERIC PLEXUS
58
What is the ENTERIC PLEXUS?
A network od sensory and motor NEURONS in GI TRACT
59
When does the CEPHALIC PHASE occur?
Before food enters the STOMACH
60
What causes an inc. of SALIVA and GASTRIC JUICE during the CEPHALIC PHASE?
The sight/smell/taste/thought of food activates the HYPOTHALAMUS, which then inc. the activity of the PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM, which results in inc. SALIVA and GASTRIC JUICES
61
What activates the GASTRIC PHASE?
The arrival of food (especially PROTEIN) in the STOMACH
62
What 2 receptors are stimulated during the GASTRIC PHASE?
1. CHEMORECEPTORS | 2. STRETCH RECEPTORS
63
What is the result of inc. stimulation of CHEMORECEPTORS?
Inc. GASTRIC SECRETION (HORMONE secreted by G CELLS of GASTRIC GLANDS), therefore inc. GASTRIC JUICE and GASTRIC MOTILITY
64
What is the result of inc. stimulation of STRETCH RECEPTORS?
Inc. PARASYMPATHETIC activity (VAGUS NERVE), therefore inc. GASTRIC JUICE and GASTRIC MOTILITY
65
What is the INTESTINAL PHASE activated by?
The arrival of ACID CHYME in the DUODENUM
66
What does ACID CHYME in the DUODENUM activate?
CHEMO and STRETCH RECEPTORS
67
What do CHEMO and STRETCH RECEPTORS do?
Activate PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE, DUODENAL ENDOCRINE CELLS secrete HORMONES - SECRETIN and CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
68
What is the effect of SECRETIN?
Inc. PANCREATIC NaHC03 Inc. BILE secretion by LIVER Dec. GASTRIC SECRETION Dec. GASTRIC MOTILITY
69
What is the effect of CCK?
``` Inc. PANCREATIC ENZYME secretion Inc. GALLBLADDER contraction Relaxes HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER Inc. PANCREATIC NaHCO3 Dec. GASTRIC secretion Dec. GASTRIC MOTILITY ```
70
Explain GLUCOSE DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC PEPTIDE (GIP)
Secreted when SUGARS and FATS enter DUODENUM Stim. INSULIN secretion by PANCREAS Stim. LIPOGENESIS in ADIPOCYTES
71
Explain VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP)
Stim. INTESTINAL GLANDS, which inc. NaHCO3 and H2O secretion Dilates INTESTINAL BLOOD VESSELS, which inc. BLOOD flow
72
What is MASS MOVEMENT?
A strong PERISTALTIC contraction of the COLON that occurs once or twice a day
73
GASTRIC and DUODENAL reflexes are activated by the...
...arrival of food in the STOMACH/INTESTINES
74
The distension of the RECTUM with FECES will activate what?
The DEFECATION reflex
75
What is the DEFECATION reflex?
Relaxation of the SMOOTH MUSCLE in the INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER
76
True or false: | The SKELETAL MUSCLE of the INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER is controlled by the PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
False | The INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER is made of SMOOTH MUSCLE
77
True or false: | We have conscious control over the EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER
True
78
What is the avg. transit time from MOUTH to ANUS?
24 - 48 hours
79
Where is appetite regulated?
The SATIETY CENTERS in the HYPOTHALAMUS
80
What is involved in short term regulation for dec. appetite?
``` STRETCH RECEPTORS in STOMACH Inc. BLOOD GLUCOSE on BLOOD Inc. A.A in BLOOD Inc. INSULIN Inc. CCK ```
81
What is involved in short term regulation for inc. appetite?
GHRELIN
82
What is GHRELIN?
A HORMONE secreted by CELLS lining the STOMACH when empty
83
What is involved in long term regulation for dec. appetite?
LECTIN
84
What is LECTIN?
A HORMONE secreted by ADIPOSE TISSUE
85
If there was an inc. in ADIPOSE TISSUE, there would also be an inc. in LECTIN, and therefore...
...a dec. in appetite
86
What may result in LEPTIN resistance?
Excess weight

BIO 153 (13 decks)

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