Digestive/Respiratory Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
mechanical digestion
A
physical breakdown of food into smaller particles
2
Q
chemical digestion
A
series of hydrolysis reactions that breaks dietary macromolecules into monomers
3
Q
chemical digestion carried about by
A
digestive enzymes
4
Q
digestive enzymes produced by
A
salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, small intestine
5
Q
polysacchardies broken down into
A
monosaccharides
6
Q
proteins broken down into
A
amino acids
7
Q
fats broken down into
A
monoglycerides and fatty acids
8
Q
nucleic acids broken down into
A
nucleotides
9
Q
two divisions of digestive system
A
digestive tract, accessory organs
10
Q
alimentary canal (digestive tract) consists of
A
30 ft long muscular tube extending from mouth to anus
11
Q
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are
A
accessory organs
12
Q
layers of digestive tract wall
A
mucosa, submucosa, musclaris externa, serosa
13
Q
epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae make up
A
mucosa
14
Q
muscularis externa consists of
A
inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer
15
Q
aerolar tissue, mesothelium make up
A
serosa
16
Q
lines the lumen
A
mucous membrane (mucosa)
17
Q
lamina propria
A
connective tissue layer of mucosa
18
Q
thick layer of loose connective tissue
A
submucosa
19
Q
consists of two layers of muscle near the outer surface
A
muscularis externa
20
Q
nervous network in esophagus, stomach, and intestines
A
enteric plexus
21
Q
connective tissue sheet that suspends stomach and intestines
A
mesentery
22
Q
single, complexly folded membrane
A
mesentery
23
Q
lines wall of abdominal cavity, turns inward along posterior midline
A
parietal peritoneum
24
Q
may hang freely in abdominal cavity or attach
A
anterior mesentery
25
ventral mesentery:extends from lesser curvature of stomach to liver
lesser omentum
26
hangs from greater curvature of stomach
greater omentum
27
when an organ is enclosed by mesentery (serosa) on both sides
intra peritoneal
28
when an organ lies against the posterior body wall and is covered by peritoneum on anterior side only
retroperitoneal
29
motility and secretion of digetive tract controlled by
neural, hormonal, and paracrine mechanisms
30
short reflexes
stretch or chemical stimulation acts through myenteric plexus
31
long (vagovagal) reflexes
parasympathetic stimulation of digestive motility and secretion
32
paracrine secretions stimulate nearby
target cells
33
buccal cavity
mouth
34
posterior opening to throat
fauces
35
____ ____ epithelium lines mouth
stratified squamous
36
stratified squamous epithelium is _____ in areas subject to food abrasion (gums and hard palate)
keratinized (nonkeratinized in other areas)
37
retain food and push between teeth, involved in speech, sucking and blowing actions, suckling by infants
functions of cheeks and lips
38
median fold that attaches each lip to gum between the anterior incisors
labial frenulum
39
space between cheeks or lips and teeth
vestibule
40
separates oral cavity from nasal cavity
palate
41
anterior portion supported by palatine processes of maxilae and palatine bones
hard (bony) palate
42
posterior to hard palate with greater spongy texture
soft palate
43
conical medial projection visible at rear of mouth; helps retain food in mouth until ready to swallow
uvula
44
each tooth embedded in
alveolus
45
covers alveolar bone
gingiva (gum)
46
hard, yellowish tissue. makes up most of tooth
dentin
47
noncellular secretion that cannot regenerate
enamel
48
covers root
cement
49
space in root leading up to pulp cavity in crown
root canal
50
root canal contains
nerves and blood vessels
51
meeting of teeth with mouth closed
occlusion
52
hypotonic solution of 97%-99.5% water, pH of 6.7-7.0
saliva
53
small glands dispersed amid other oral tissues, secrete saliva at constant rate
intrinsic (minor) salivary glands
54
in tongue, produce lingual lipase
lingual glands
55
inside of lips
labial glands
56
located beneath skin anterior to earlobe
parotid glands
57
located halfway along body of mandible
submandibular gland
58
located in floor of mouth, has multiple ducts
sublingual gland
59
filter water and electrolytes from blood and add amylase, mucin, and lysozyme
cells of acini
60
respond to signals generated by presence of food
salivatory nuclei in medulla oblangata and pons
61
sends signals via autonomic fibers in facial (CN VII) and glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)
salivatory nuclei
62
dilates blood vessels
parasympathetic stimulation
63
action involving over 22 muscles in mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
swallowing (deglutition)
64
oral, pharyngeal, esophoageal
phases of swallowing
65
muscular sac in L-upper abdominal cavity immediately inferior to diaphragm
stomach
66
acidic, soupy mixture of semidigested food
chyme
67
small area about 3 cm from cardiac orifice
cardiac region (stomach)
68
dome superior to esophageal attachment
fundic region, fundus (stomach)
69
makes up greater part distal to cardiac orifice
body (stomach)
70
narrower pouch at inferior end
pyloric part (stomach)
71
40 cm long on inferolateral surface
greater omentum
72
10 cm long on superomedial margin
lesser curvature
73
parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve
parasympathetic
74
receives blood via branches of celiac trunk
blood supply of stomach comes from
75
are flat when stomach full but form longitudinal wrinkles when empty
mucosa and submucosa
76
wrinkes in stomach
gastic rhugae
77
3 layers of muscularis externa
outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique
78
contains gastric pits and increased tubular glands
gastric mucosa
79
depressions in gastric mucosa lined with same columnar epithelium as surface
gastric pits
80
concentrated at neck of gastric glands
mucous neck cells
81
found in base of pit and neck of gland
regenerative (stem) cells
82
found mostly in upper 1/2 of gland
parietal cells
83
parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid (HCl), intrinsic factor, and Ghrelin (hunger hormone)
84
most numerous cell type
chief cells
85
chief cells secrete
gastric lipase, pepsinogen
86
enteroendocrine cells are concentrated in
lower end of gland
87
how many liters of gastric juice produced daily
2-3 L
88
gastric juice produced by
gastric glands
89
gastric juice is a mixture of
water, HCl, and pepsin
90
pH of gastric juice
as low as .8
91
______ cells produce HCl and contain ____ _______
parietal, carbonic anhydrase (CAH)
92
functions of HCL
activates pepsin and lingual lipase, breaks up connective tissues and plant cell walls to liquify food and form chyme, converts Ferric ions to Ferrous ions used for Hb synthesis
93
intrinsic factor binds to
B12 and then intestinal cells absorb this complex by receptor-mediated endocytosis
94
Vitamin ____ needed to syntehsize Hb
B12
95
acts as a strong pump that breaks up semidigested food and prepares it for small intestine
muscularis antrum
96
come in waves that churn and break up the chyme into small particles
antral contractions
97
___ mL of chyme is squirted to duodenum at a time
3
98
forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents (chyme) from mouth
vomiting
99
emetic center is in
medulla oblangata
100
three ways stomach is protected from acid and enzymatic environment
mucous coat, tight junction, epithelial cell replacement
101
cephalic phased controlled by
brain
102
gastric phased controlled by
stomach
103
intestinal phase controlled by
small intestine
104
phases of gastric secretion and motility
cephalic, gastric, intestinal
105
stomach responds to sight, smell, taste, or thought of food
cephalic phase
106
period when swallowed food and semidigested protein activate gastric activity
gastric phase
107
three chemicals that stimulate gastric secretion
acetylcholine (ACh), histamine, gastrin
108
quadrants of liver
right, left, quadrate, caudate
109
separate right and left lobes of liver
falciform ligament
110
fibrous remnant of umbilical vein
round ligament
111
reddish-brown gland located immediately inferior to diaphragm
liver
112
body's largest gland
liver
113
functions of liver
bile secretion, goes to gallbladder
114
irregular opening between quadrate and caudate lobes
porta hepatis
115
point of entry for hepatic portal vein and proper hepatic artery
porta hepatis
116
adheres to depression on inferior surface of liver between R and quadrate lobes
gallbladder
117
cuboidal cells surrounding central vein in radiating sheets or plates
hepatocytes
118
narrow channels into which liver secretes bile
bile canaliculi
119
formed from convergence of R and L hepatic ducts of liver
common hepatic duct
120
regulates passage of bile and pancreatic juice
major duodenal papilla
121
hard masses in either gallbladder or bile ducts
gallstones (biliary calculi)
122
presence of gallstones
cholelithiasis
123
flattened, spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to greater curvature of stomach
pancreas
124
endocrine portion of pancreas secretes
insulin, glucagon (concentrated in tail of gland)
125
alkaline mixture of water, enzymes, zymogens, sodium bicarbonate, and other electrolytes
pancreatic juice
126
secrete enzymes and zymogens
acini
127
secrete sodium bicarbonate
ducts
128
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase
pancreatic zymogens
129
pancreatic amylase digests
starch
130
pancreatic lipase digests
fat
131
ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease digest
RNA and DNA respectively
132
secreted by duodenum mucosa in response to arrival of fats in small intestine
cholecystokinin (CCK)
133
released from duodenum in response to acidic chyme from stomach
secretin
134
coiled tube filling most of abdominal cavity inferior to stomach and liver
small intestine
135
end of small intestine where ileum joins cecum of large intestine
ileocecal junction
136
formed by thick muscularis of ileum
ileal papilla
137
receives nearly all of blood supply from superior mesenteric artery
small intestine
138
fans out through the mesentery
superior mesenteric artery
139
moves remaining contents of small intestine to colon
peristalsis
140
successive overlapping waves of contraction
migrating motor complex
141
most digestible dietary carbohydrate
starch
142
hydrolyzes starch into oligosaccharides
salivary amylase
143
maltase hydrolyzes ___
maltose
144
dextrinase and glucomylase hydrolyze ____
oligosacchardies
145
sucrase and lactase hydrolyze _____ and _____
sucrose and lactose
146
micelles absorb
fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol, FFAs, and monoglycerides
147
nucleases of pancreatic juice hydrolyze DNA and RNA int
nucleotides
148
breathing is affected by
pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen
149
passages that serve only fort airflow (no gas exchange)
conducting zone
150
regions that participate in gas exchange
respiratory zone
151
form roof of nasal cavity
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
152
inferior part of nasal septum
vomer
153
superior part of nasal septum
perpendicular palate of ethmoid bones
154
anterior part of nasal septum
septal cartilage
155
small, dilated chamber just inside nostrils lined with stratified squamous epithelium
vestibule
156
