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endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstreams and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ

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2
Q

true or false: endocrine glands have ducts

A

false

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3
Q

endocrine glands secrete hormones via

A

dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allows easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream

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4
Q

hormones produced by hypothalamus

A

ADH, oxytocin, regulatory hormones

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5
Q

hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland

A

ACTH,TSH,GH,PRL,FSH,LH,MSH

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6
Q

hormones produced in posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH, oxytocin

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7
Q

hormones produced by thyroid gland

A

thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine(T3), calcitonin(CT)

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8
Q

hormones produced in adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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9
Q

hormones produced in adrenal cortex

A

cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens

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10
Q

hormones produced in pancreatic islets

A

insulin, glucagon

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11
Q

hormones produced in pineal gland

A

melatonin, serotonin

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12
Q

hormones produced in parathyroid glands (posterior surface of the thyroid gland)

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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13
Q

thyroid hormone plays a role in

A

metabolism as well as other function

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14
Q

calcitonin plays a role in

A

calcium regulation by decreasing calcium levels

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15
Q

parathyroid hormone plays a role in

A

calcium regulation by increasing calcium levels

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16
Q

the heart released

A

ANP=atrial natriuretic peptide

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17
Q

whats does ANP do

A

decreased blood volume and blood pressure

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18
Q

thymus is the site of

A

t-cell maturation, atrophies in adulthood

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19
Q

thymus releases

A

thymosins

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20
Q

pancreas releases

A

blood glucose regulatory hormones

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21
Q

what does insulin do

A

decreased blood glucose after feeding

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22
Q

what does glucagon do

A

increases blood glucose during time of starvation

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23
Q

gap junctions

A

pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell

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24
Q

neurotransmitters

A

released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft ->2nd cell

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25
paracrines
secreted tissue fluids to affect nearby cells
26
hormones
chemical messengers that travel in bloodstream to stimulate physiological responses in other tissues and organs
27
exocrine have
ducts that carry secretion to epithelial surface or mucosa in digestive tract
28
3/4 of pituitary gland consists of
anterior pituitary
29
anterior pituitary is linked to hypothalamus via
blood vessels of hypophyseal portal system
30
posterior pituitary gland consists of ______ tissue
nerve
31
function of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
stimulates release of Gonadotropins (FHS,LH) from anterior pituitary gland
32
function of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
stimulates release of Thyroid -Stimulating Hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin) from anterior pituitary gland
33
function of Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
stimulates release of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, Corticotropin) anterior pituitary gland
34
largest purely endocrine gland
thyroid gland
35
connects two lobes of thyroid
isthmus
36
follicular cells secrete
Thyroid Hormone (TH)
37
90% of TH is in the form of
Thyroxine (T4), other 10% is Triiodothyronine (T3)
38
where are parathyroid glands located
posterior surface of thyroid gland
39
parathyroid glands secrete
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
40
what does parathyroid hormone do
synthesis of Calcitriol (Vitamin D3), increased blood Ca2+, urinary secretion
41
location of adrenal glands
superior pole of kidneys of inner and outer parts
42
adrenal cortex is
thicker outer core than adrenal medulla (inner core)
43
dual natures of adrenal medulla
endocrine gland and ganglion of SNS
44
Adrenal medulla releases
Catecholamines (75% epi, 25% norepi) and a trace of dopamine
45
effects include alertness, prepares body for physical activity
catecholamines
46
mobilizes high-energy fuels, lactate, fatty acids and glucose
catecholamines
47
breakdown of glycogen and glucose
glycogenolysis
48
converts fats, amino acids, other carbs, and glucose by liver, increase glucose levels
glucoeogenesis
49
outer layer of adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
50
middle layer of adrenal cortex
zona fasciculata,secretes glucocorticoids and androgrens
51
inner layer of adrenal cortex
zona reticularis, secretes glucocorticoids and androgrens
52
most significant mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
53
effects of aldosterone
increased blood pressure by retaining fluid
54
most potent glucocorticoid
cortisol
55
primarily an exocrine (digestive) gland but also contains scattered endocrine cell clusters
Pancreas
56
adipose tissue stimulates
catabolism
57
testes secrete
testosterone and ibhibin
58
produces sperm
seminiferous tubules
59
atrial muscle secretes
2 natriuretic peptides
60
what does leptin do
slows appetite
61
three chemical classes of hormones
steroids, monoamines, and peptides
62
monoamines made from
amino acids
63
peptide hormones created from chains of
amino acids
64
medulla secretes
epi, norepi
65
stimulates the adrenal
Sympathetic nervous system
66
regulate secretion by the anterior pituitary gland
hypothalamic
67
increased blood glucose concentration
insulin release
68
decreased blood calcium level leads to
stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion
68
decreased blood osmolarity leads to
aldosterone secretion
69
alarm reaction includes
initial response to stress, release of norepi and epi, stored glycogen utilized
69
stage of resistance includes
provides alternative fuels for metabolism
70
stage of resistance
cortisol has glucose-sparing
71
stage of exhaustion
loss of fat reserves, aldosterone, hypokalemia, and alkalosis
72
paracrine signals
chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells
73
autocrine signals
chemical messengers that stimulate the same cell that secreted them
74
eicosanoids
family of paracrine secretions from arachidonic acid
75
cushing syndrome
cortisol secretion
76
heart located in
mediastinum
77
heart enclosed by
pericardium
78
outermost layer of pericardium
fibrous pericardium
79
two layers of serous pericardium
parietal layer and visceral layer
80
three heart wall layers
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
81
atheroma
blood clot or fatty deposit, obstructs coronary arteries
82
sinoatrial node
patch of modified cardiomyocytes, serves as pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate
83
atrioventricular node
patch of modified cardiomyocytes

BIO214 (9 decks)

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