Digestive sustem

Question 1

Heterotrophy

Answer 1

all animals obtain energy and nourishment from molecules made by other organisms

Question 2

basic nutrients

Answer 2

carbs
lipid
proteins
mineral
vitamins

Question 3

digestion

Answer 3

hydrolysis of macromolecules into their subunits catalysed by enzymes

Question 4

process of digestion

Answer 4

ingestion
digestion
absorption
motility
excretion

Question 5

ingestion

Answer 5

process of eating

Question 6

digestion

Answer 6

mechanical- eg mouth
chemical- eg secretion of acid

Question 7

absorption

Answer 7

extraction of nutrients into the blood and lymph mainly in small and large intestine

Question 8

motility

Answer 8

ability to mix and move material along length of GI tract

Question 9

excretion

Answer 9

elimination of waste large intestine
recriminations and anus faeces

Question 10

Renal system

Answer 10

• maintaining proper concentration of salts and h20 balance in body
  -excretes wastes of bodily metabolism eg urea and uric acid
• excreting foreign compounds eg drugs

Question 11

renal system main function as endocrine organ

Answer 11

secrete renin- hormone that triggers chain reaction important in process of salt conservation by kidneys

secrete erythropoietin- hormonal that stimulates RBC production

converting vitamin D into its active form

Question 12

endocrine organs

Answer 12

pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
pineal glands
gonads ( testes and ovaries)

Question 13

hypothalamus

Answer 13

link between nervous and endocrine systems

maintains homeostasis
eg blood pressure and body temp

Question 14

hypothalamus and pituitary gland
communication via:

Answer 14

anterior: portal vein system
posterior: axons and hypothalamus

Question 15

anterior pituitary
hormones

Answer 15

GPs HAT
gonadatrophes- FSH AND LH reproductive
prolactin- milk production
human growth hormone- bone density and muscle mass
adrenocorticotropic hormone- control of adrenal cortex
thyroid stimulating hormone- metabolism via release of T4

Question 16

posterior pituitary gland

Answer 16

stores and secrete hormone produced by hypothalamus

oxytocin
ADH

Question 17

Thyroid gland

Answer 17

-bi lobed structure
-contains follicles surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelium
-synthesis and storage of thyroglobulin contains T3 or T4
-calcitonin produced by parafollicular cells

Question 18

hormones released by thyroid gland

Answer 18

triiodothyronine T3
thyroxine T4
calcitonin

Question 19

Explain T3 and T4
and diseases

Answer 19

T3 has 3 iodine molecules derived from T4 synthesis of Na+/k+ pump

T4 has 4 iodine molecules

diseases: iodine deficiency
overproduction of thyroxine

Question 20

functions of thyroid gland

Answer 20

synthesis of na+/k+ pumps
regulates metabolism
accelerates body growth
regulates calcium levels in blood

Question 21

Parathyroid glands

Answer 21

located on posterior surface of thyroid glands

parathyroid cells produce parathyroid hormone- regulates calcium ion homeostasis

Question 22

calcitonin

Answer 22

regulates level of calcium by decreasing it

Question 23

adrenal gland and regions

Answer 23

yellowish stores lipids and surrounded by connective tissue
above each kidney
outer = cortex
inner = medulla

Question 24

cortex
hormones

Answer 24

• produces hormones essential to life
• these are corticosteroids
• failure can lead to death
• mineralocorticoids - regulate electrolyte balance
  -glucocorticoids - released in times of stress
• androgens - stimulate growth of pubic hair

Question 25

medulla hormones and effects

Answer 25

- epinephrine (adrenaline) - norepinephrine (no adrenaline) not essential to life effects of hormone: raised heart rate and bp

Question 26

pancreas

Answer 26

endocrine and exocrine endo- secretes hormones into blood stream exo- secretes enzymatic substances via duct to external surface eg sweat and tears

Question 27

pancreas and exocrine cells

Answer 27

surrounded by exocrine cells such as : alpha: glucagon - raises blood glucose levels - breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose by liver beta: insulin- lowers glucose levels increase uptake of glucose by cells and increased synthesis of glycogen delta: somatostatin suppresses release of both g and i f cells: pancreatic polypeptide- digestive role regulating pancreatic enzyme release

Question 28

pineal gland hormone and shape

Answer 28

tiny pine one shaped gland secretes melatonin - maintains circadian rhythm - melatonin levels increase during darkness - sleep

Question 29

salivary glands examples

Answer 29

parotid submandibular sublingual minor glands in inner cheeks, lips, linings of mouth and throat

Question 30

tropic hormone

Answer 30

produced from one and acts on another

Question 31

endocrine system type of endocrine signaling

Answer 31

endocrine paracrine autocrine

Question 32

small intestine villius SECRETIN

Answer 32

secretin- regulates secretion of stomach and pancreas and osmoregulation

Question 33

small intestine villius CHOLECYSTOKININ

Answer 33

stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from gall bladder

Question 34

small intestine villius GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE GIP

Answer 34

stimulates insulin secretion