nervous system

Question 1

CNS has two main components

Answer 1

brain
spinal cord

Question 2

peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

cranial and spinal nerves

Question 3

cells of nervous system are called:

Answer 3

neuroglia

Question 4

cells in CNS are

Answer 4

astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal

Question 5

cells in PNS are

Answer 5

schwann cells and satellite cells

Question 6

Fictions of nervous system

Answer 6

sensory function- acquire info from internal and external environments
integrative- integrates of processes sensory function
motor: response to maintain homeostasis

Question 7

Detecting a stimulus by the sensory receptors such as:

Answer 7

exoreceptors: detect external stimuli

interoreceptors: detect internal stimuli

Question 8

interoreceptors examples:
and regulates function of body tissues such as:

Answer 8

chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
proprioceptors

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
respiratory system
GI tract

Question 9

what is the integrative function? and where does it occur?

Answer 9

gather info from multiple sources to see whether change is required
and occurs within CNS

Question 10

sensory division of PNS

Answer 10

gather sensory info from around body and bring info to cns for processing

Question 11

where integration takes place?

Answer 11

brain- conscious, unconscious, reflexes

spinal column- reflexes

Question 12

what is a reflex
and examples

Answer 12

rapid response to a stimulus that is involuntary.
spinal reflex
cranial reflex

Question 13

motor division of pns:

Answer 13

respond to information from cns
voluntary- somatic
involuntary- autonomic

Question 14

somatic nervous system

Answer 14

controls voluntary movement eg skeletal muscle cardiac muscle

contains at least two motor neurones

cell bodies lie within cns

Question 15

autonomic nervous system

Answer 15

involuntary control of cardiac and smooth muscle
has two divisions sympathetic and parasympathetic
third division: enteric division, regulates digestive tract without CNS instruction, but with input from other ANS divisions

Question 16

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 16

• fight or flight response- prepares u for action
• increases heart and respiratory rate
• increase blood glucose levels
• alters distribution of blood around body
• dilates pupil, relaxes accommodation

Question 17

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

• rest and digest
• increases actions of digestive tract, stimulates saliva
• decrease heart rate
• constricts pupils miosis, accommodation

Question 18

regeneration of CNS

Answer 18

• limited rvenartii of neurons in CNS if damaged
• inhibited by neuroglia
• damage to CNS neurons shows limited recovery potential, so protection is essential

Question 19

regeneration of PNS

Answer 19

• can be regenerated
• wallerian degeneration
• long time course, success depends on level of damage

Question 20

protection of CNS

Answer 20

SKULL
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND VERTEBRAE
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
MENINGES
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

Question 21

meninges

Answer 21

dura matter- outermost layer dense and irregular tissue
arachnoid matter- middle layer thin vascular and loosely arranged elastin and collagen fibres
pia matter- inner layer thin and highly vascular layer

Question 22

cerebrospinal fluid
what it is and fictions

Answer 22

• clear colourless liquid mainly water oxygen glucose proteins and wbc
• circulates in spaces in brain and spinal columns and between archnoid and pia
  functions:
• mechanical protection
• homeostatic maintenance
• circulation of nutrients and removal of waste

Question 23

vertebral column

Answer 23

protect spinal cord
supper weight of head and neck
attachment point of ribs and muscles

Question 24

vertebrae

Answer 24

look at photos

Question 25

blood- brain barrier

Answer 25

- brain requires tightly maintained environment to operate correctly - protects CNS from chemicals, hormones and microbes circulation in blood stream - maintained by capillary epithelial cells and astrocytes - capillaries have tight junctions ti prevent leakage

Question 26

diseases of nervous system

Answer 26

stroke multiple sclerosis myasthenia gravis idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Question 27

multiple sclerosis

Answer 27

autoimmune disease- genetic and environmental factors repeated episodes of inflammation of nervous tissue resulting demyelination, reduces or stops action potentials on axons

Question 28

how can multiple sclerosis affect vision?

Answer 28

- demyelination of optic nerve which can lead to vision loss and colour vision defects and blindness - binocular vision problems eg double vision and nystagmus (regular uncontrollable beating eye movements)

Question 29

myasthenia gravis

Answer 29

- autoimmune disease- immune system attacks itself by mistake - body makes antibodies for the receptors in the muscle to block them because it thinks these receptors are harmful ( but they’re not ) - muscle gets weak and used a lot so patient is tired - eye muscle problems such as dropping eyelids and double vision

Question 30

myasthenia gravis symptoms and treatment

Answer 30

worsen during the day struggle to maintain up gaze can be systemic or ocular treatment : immunosuppressant target neurotransmitter breakdown

Question 31

idiopathic intracranial hypertension symptoms and signs

Answer 31

increase pressure in skull symptoms: headache and cranial nerve palsies signs: disc swelling of optic disc can cause visual loss if not resolved

Question 32

papilloedema

Answer 32

normally margins of optic disc are clear and cup present but in papilloedema margins in distinct cup reduced or absent optic disc swollen

Question 33

space occupying lesions in brain

Answer 33

includes tumours cysts haemorrhage