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Anatomy 1 > Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

Digestive System 1 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is conisisted within digestive system

A

-digestive tract
-accessory organs

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2
Q

what organs are consisted within the digestive tract.

A

-oral cavity
-pharynx
-eosophagus
-stomach
-small and large intestine
-amus

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3
Q

what organs are consisted within the accessory organs.

A

-primarily glands (secrete fluids into tract_
-salivary glands
-pancreas
-liver/gallbladder
-spleen
-teeth and tongue

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4
Q

state the 5 functions of the digsetive system

A

-food uptake
-mechanical processing
-digestion
-absoprtion of nutrients, minerals and water
-excretion

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5
Q

name some additional functions of the digestive system

A

-endocrine (eg. insulin, pancreas)
-immune (e.g. tonsils)
-detoxification
-storage nutrients (e.g. glucose) & regulation of their blood levels (liver)

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6
Q

name the 4 tunics of the anus

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis
-serosa

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7
Q

describe the mucosa

A

-moist mucous epithelial membrane
-contains lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

describe the submucosa

A

-contains nerves, blood vessles and small glands

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9
Q

describe the muscularis

A

-lies in 2 planes
1.inner circular smooth muscle layer
2.outer longitudinal layer
-myernteric plexus between layers=nerves regulate movement & secretions

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10
Q

describe the serosa

A

-outer membrane
-called adventia over oesophagus
-inferior to diaphragm=visceral peritoneum

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11
Q

define peritoneum

A

serous membrane lining abdominal cavity & organs

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12
Q

state the function of Visceral peritoneum

A

covers the organs (serosa tunic)

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13
Q

define the function of parietal peritoneum

A

covers the interior surface of the body wall

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14
Q

state the fucntion of peritoneal cavity

A

between layers filled with serous fluid

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15
Q

state the fucntion of peritoneal cavity

A

between layers filled with serous fluid

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16
Q

peritoneum folds to make what?

A

folds to make mesenteries

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17
Q

unlike the pericardium, what does peritoneum have

A

lots of folds and extensions called=mesenteries

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18
Q

define mesenteries and its function

A

two layers of perironeum with thin layers of connective tissues between.
-holds organs to abdominal cavity
-routes by which vessels and nerves pass from body wall to organ

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19
Q

the name given to organs that lie against abdominal wall & have no mesenteries.

A

retroperitponeal

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20
Q

what organs are retroperitoneal

A

kidneys, rectum, bladder, accending and deceniding colon.

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21
Q

describe mesentery proper

A

associated with small intestine

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22
Q

describe transverse & sigmoid mesecolon

A

mesenteries of colon

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23
Q

describe messoappendix

A

mesentery of appendix

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24
Q

describe greater omentum

A

connects greater curvurture of stomach to transverse colon, lots of adipose and lymph

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25
describe lesser omentum
connects lesser curvature of stomach & proximal duodenum to liver and diaphragm
26
define peritonitis
acute inflammation of peritoneal membranes, caused by rubbing together of inflamed peritonatal surfaces causes abdominal pain.
27
why is irritation caused in peritoneum
-escaped bile -bacteria from external due to wound in abdominal wall -ruptured appendix so bascteria enters peritoneum
28
define abdominal wall
boundaries of abdominal cavity (posterior, anterior, lateral)
29
list and describe the common layers of abdominal wall
deep-extraperitoneal fat, parietal peritoneum & fascia more superficial-on anterior wall=layers of muscle superficial-superficial fascia and skin
30
define a hernia
protrusion of an organ/fascia through wall of the cavity that normally contains it
31
when does a hernia often arise.
when pressure in the residing cavity is increased
32
where is the most comon location for a hernia to develop
-abdomen
33
discuss the formation of a hernia in the abdomen
-weakness in the abdominal wall evolves into a localized hole -adipose tissue or abdominal orgnans with peritoneum can then protrude
34
describe a hiatal hernia
when stomach protrudes into mediastinum through oesophageal opening in diaphragm.
35
what are the symptoms of a hiatus hernia
-mostly no symptoms -can cause pain from reflux gastric acid
36
why is a hiatus hernia often reffered to as the "great mimic"
symptoms can resemble many disorders -e.g. dull pains in the chest, shortness of breathe & heart palputations
37
describe the oral cavity
-formed by cheeks, hard and soft palates & tongue
38
list the properties of the tongue
-forms floor of oral cavity -chewing, swallowing and speech strong skeletal muscle -attatched posterior to hyoid bone, temporal bone and mandible -free anteriorly -attatched to floor via lingual frenulum
39
name and describe the muscles of the tongue
intrinisc muscle-no attatchment to bones, lie within tongue=tongue shape extrinsic muscle-anchor tongue to surrounding bones=move tongue
40
what type of epithelium is found on the tongue
stratified squamous epithelium
41
what is the dorsum (upper surface) of tongue coverec in
papillae=projection of connective tissue (some contain taste buds)
42
where is lymphoid tissue embedded in the tongue
posterior surface=lingual tonsil
43
define mastication
'chewing'
44
discuss the process of mastication
breaks food into smaller parts to increase surface area for digestion. -incisors and canines bite/cut food off -molar teeth grind food
45
describe mastication reflex
chewing stimulated by sensory receptors. -signals from brain provide conscious control to initiate or stope chewing or change rate 4 pair muscles move mandible/jaw bone
46
describe the partoid.
largest, anterior to ear, serous, produce watery saliva
47
describe submandibular
below mandible, serous, mucus
48
describe sublingual gland
below tongue, smallets, mostly mucous glands
49
where are small glands also found
mucous membrane of oral cavity itself
50
define: lingual, palatine, buccal
lingual=in tongue palatine=in palate buccal=in cheeks
51
how much saliva is produced per day.
1-1.5L per day -constitutively produced but productions increased when eats.
52
what is the function of saliva
-prevents bacterial infection -lubrication -contains amalayse-breaks down starch -helps form bolus for swalloing
53
what contributes to salivary production
parasympathetic nerve input
54
describe MUMPS
-infection of salivary glands caused by mums virus -common especially partoid glands. -can occur on both sides -no treatment normally -vaccination available -in adult males, tetestes can become infected reult in sterility
55
describe swallowing
involves distict phases moving food from mouth-pharynx-oesophagus
56
role of the pharynx in swallowing
(throat)-oro&laryngo, not nasopharynx -food moves voluntarily from mouth to oropharynx
57
role of the epiglottis in swallowing
prevents food from entering larynx
58
list the properties of the oesophagus in swallowing
25cm long muscular tube -transport food from pharynx to stomach -collapsible -anterior to vertebrae, posterior to trachea -begins at the end of laryngopharynx -passes through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm & ends at stomach -thick wall with 4 tunics -sphincters at upper and lower end -mucousa is moist stratified squamous epithelium
59
name the 3 phases of swallowing
-voluntary -pharyngeal -esophageal
60
describe voluntary
-bolus of food moved by tongue from oral cavity-pharynx
61
describe pharyngeal and its role in swallowing
-reflex/involuntary, controlled by swallowing, center in medulla oblongata. 1.soft palate elevates 2.eppiglotits tips posterior 3.prevents food passing into larynx 4.pharyngeal conscrictors successive contraction from sup-inferior 5.upper esophageal sphincter relaxes 6.elevated pharynx open eosophagus 7.food pushed into eopsophagus
62
describe esophageal and its role in swallowing
reflex, moves into stomach. 1.peristalic contractions 2.lower oesophageal sphinciter relaxed 3.food enters stoamch
63
name the diseases common in the digestive system
heartburn vomiting
64
describe heartburn and how it can be treated
=lower oesophageal sphincter fails to close after food enters stomach, so stomach contents can go back up oesophagus. -acid from the stomach can irritate esophagus and cause burning senstation -treat with antacids to neuteralise acids -heartburn less problematic if eat smaller amounts and dont lie down after
65
describe vommiting and the processes during it.
=forcible expulsion of stomach contents through mouth -stimulated by irritation & distension of stomach -stomach, diaphragm & abdominal walls all contract, oesophagel sphincter open. -can lead ti disturbed fluid balanced if prolonged
66
describe propertes of the stomach
-enlarged segment of digestive tract -connecs oesophagus and small intestine -shapes and sizes varies between people. -within people between meals
67
where does the stomach move food into
-the small intestine at small intervals after eaten .
68
discuss the absorption in the stomach after eating.
-there are very little absorption of nutrients. (glucose and some drugs can be absorped though)
69
discuss the opening of the stomach
-gastroesophageal (cardiac)- from eosophagus through cardiac sphincter -pyloric- to duodenum through pyloric sphincter
70
list and describe the parts of the stomach
cardiac-near oesophageal opening fundus-letf tand superior to cardiac body-largesr part, turns to the right pyloric-narrow: antrum wider than canal, opens to SI through pyloric sphincter
71
list and describe the greater and less curvurture of stomach.
-created by curving of stomach -attatchment of omenta peritoneum
72
what is the dorsal mesentery of stomach
greater omentum
73
name and describe the layers/structure of stomach
layers (outer-inner) serosa-visceral peritoneum muscularsis-three layers submucousa & mucousa-folded into rugae when stomach empty, allow stomach lining to stretch CONTAINS GASTRIC PITS

Anatomy 1 (8 decks)

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