Reproduction Flashcards
(37 cards)
what determines Genetic Sex
-Determined at fertilizaion
-presence or absence of Y chromosome in sperm
XX-genetically female
XY-genetically male
-determines gonad differentiation
what determines phenotypic sex
-depends on gonad differentiation
-testis produce high levels of testtosterone “masculinizes” reproductive tissue
Describe the function of the reprodcutive system
REPRODUCE
-produce gametes=sperm&oocytes
-fertilization
-development & nourishment of fetus (female)
PRODUCTION OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES
-development & function reproductive system
-development of sex specific body form
describe meiosis
1.parent cells
2.DNA replicates
3.2 daughter cells
4.divide further into another 2 daughter cells
list the structures of the female reproductive system
-opening of uterine tube
-uterine tube
-fundus
-body
-cervix
-vagina
describe the ovaries
fuction is to develop and expel an oocyte each month
-oocyte encased in graulosa cells + theca cells=follicles
follicles-mature in the cortex, there are several mature but only one released (400 released in reprodcutive lifespan)
secretion of progesterone and oestrogen
-follicular cells
-corpus luteum after ovulation
discuss “oogenesis”
BEGINS DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT
-oogonia suspended in prophae I of meiosis until puberty
-2 million follicles when born
-only 400,000 at puberty
SELECTION TO GROW
-complete meiosis I
-suspending in prophase II of meiosis
-ovulated
COMPLETE MEISOIS UPON FERTILIZATION
one oogonia=one mature egg
discuss the female endocrinology
FSH (follicular phase)
-Ovaries produce and release FSH in the follicular phase
-release the antral follicle
-oestrogen release is detected by the hypothalmus via blood stream and prevents more follicles from being released.
LH release (luteal phase)
-ovulation (oocyte released and corpus luteum formation
-progesterone released from CL maintaining endometrium
-no fertilisation of embryo=CL degenerates and progesterone/oestrogen levels fall.
name the 2 hormones produced by the Ovary and describe them
estrogens
-promote development and maintainence of female reproductive structures (endometrium)
-control fluid and electrolyte balance
-increase protein anabolism
progesterones
-to maintain the female reproductive structure and support pregnancy
Inhibin (not only in females
-inhibits FSH secretion
Describe the uterine tube and it’s components
receives released ooctye and pathway to uterus
-fimbriae
-infundibulum
-ampulla=fertilization
-isthmus
describe the uterus and its components
SITE OF IMPLANTATION
-fundus
-body (uterine cavity
-cervic
-anteverted
composed of three layers
-perimetrium (most outer layer)
-myometrium
-endometrium (functional and basilar layers, this thickens if feertilisation occurs)
discuss the menstrual cycle
Lasts between 24 and 35 days
-Day 1=menstruation
FOLLICULAR PHASE
-FSH secretion from hypothalmus=mature follicles
-maturing follicles=estrogen secretion
-uterus=vascularisation
OVULATION
-surge in LH (feedback from estrogen)
LUTEAL PHASE/POST OVULATION
-corpus luteum=progesterone secretion
-reduction in LH=corpus luteum degenerates resulting iin corpus albicans
-drop in progesterone=menstruation
describe the cervix
NECK OF UTERUS
-internal os
-external os
epithelial lining
-columnar epithelial cells superiorly
-squamous epithelial cells inferiorly
cervix allows secretion of mucous
describe the vagina and its functions
fibromuscular tube located between bladder and rectum
-10cm long
-inner mucous layer-lubrications
-outer muscular layer
functions:
-gateway to uterus
-passge of menstrual flow
-birth canal
describe the vulva and its components
mons pubis
-adipose tissue
prepuce
-skin fold
clitorus
-erectile tissue
orifice
-vaginal and urethal
labium major
-adipose tissue, sebaceous and sweat glands
labium minor
-no adipose or hair
discuss brest tissue
extend from rib 2-6, supported by suspensory ligaments
the non-pregnant and non-lactating female breast is composed of adipose and collagenous minor
-mammary glands make up minor proportion of breast
define mammary glands
=modified sweat tissue
-connected to lactiferous duct
-15-25 cluster/lobes per breast
-each lobe connected to duct which open at nipple
what is lactation controlled by
-prolactin
-oxytocin
discuss the process of lactation
-the milk-transporting lactiferous ducts expand and branch extensively during pregnancy in response to estrogen, growth hormone, cortisol and prolactin
what happens in response to progesterone with lactating
clusters of breast alveoli bud from the ducts and expand outward toward chest wall.
-breasts alveoli are lined with milk-secreting cuboidal cells, or lactocytes
-milk is secreted from lactocytes, fills alveoli and is squeezed into the ducts
-the lactating female has 12-20 lobules organised radially around the nipple
-milk drains from lactiferous ducts into sinusues that meet 4 to 28 perforations in the nipples, called nipple pores,
describe the testis
located within the scrotum
-sperm production and temp dependnt
list the exocrine and endocrine function of testis
-production of sperm
-production of tetosterone
describe the seminiferous tubules (SE)
these produce the sperm cell with
-germ cells
-sertoli cells
what does intertubular space produce
hormones
