Digestive system

Question 1

Name the 9 principal viscera of the abdomen

Answer 1

Esophagus, stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallblader, kidneys, suprarenal glands

Question 2

Name the 3 parts of the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 2

Esophagus, stomach, intestine

Question 3

What is peristalsis?

Answer 3

A series of ring-like contraction waves responsible for mixing of the food mass with gastric juices

Question 4

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 4

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 5

Where does absorption of chemical compounds primarily occur?

Answer 5

In the small intestine

Question 6

What are the five parts of the large intestine?

Answer 6

cecum, appendix, colon (ascending, transverse, descending), rectum, anal canal

Question 7

Where does reabsorption of water occur?

Answer 7

In the ascending colon

Question 8

Name the arterial supply of the abdominal viscera and the three main branches it has

Answer 8

The abdominal aorta, of which the three major branches are the celiac trunk, and the superior and inferiro mesenteric arteries

Question 9

What is the main channel of the portal venous system?

Answer 9

The hepatic portal vein

Question 10

Where does the esophagus start and end?

Answer 10

It starts at the pharynx and ends at the stomach

Question 11

There is a clear transition visible in the esophagogastric junction. Name the cell type of the esophagus and of the stomach you see at the junction here.

Answer 11

The esophagus is stratified squamous epithelium

The stomach is simple columnar epithelium

Question 12

Name the main artery that supplies the abdominal esophagus

Answer 12

The esophageal branches of the left gastric artery

Question 13

Name the main vessel that drains the abdominal esophagus

Answer 13

The left gastric vein

Question 14

What is the main function of the stomach?

Answer 14

Acidic and mechanical digestion

Question 15

Name the four parts of the stomach

Answer 15

Cardia, fundus, body and pyloric part

Question 16

Name the two curvatures of the stomach and where they are located

Answer 16

The lesser curvature, forms the shorter superior border of the stomach, the greater curvature forms the long inferior border of the stomach

Question 17

Name the five main arteries associated with blood supply to the stomach

Answer 17

Celiac trunk of the abdominal aorta, right and left gastric arteries and right and left gastro-omental artery

Question 18

By which veins is the stomach drained?

Answer 18

The right and left gastric veins

Question 19

The stomach is covered by ………..

Answer 19

periotoneum

Question 20

Name the four parts of the duodenum in the order the food would pass through them

Answer 20

Superior, descending, inferior and ascending duodenum

Question 21

Name the five layers of the wall of the small intestine from the lumen towards the outside

Answer 21

Mucosa, Muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa, subserosa and viseral peritoneum/serosa

Question 22

What are the four parts of the colon?

Answer 22

Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon

Question 23

The large intestine has features that the small intestine does not. Name three of them

Answer 23

Teniae coli; thickened bands of smooth muscle fibers
Haustra; pouches of the colon between the teniae
Omental appendices; fatty appendices of colon

Question 24

Which artery supplies the cecum?

Answer 24

ileocolic artery

Question 25

Which arteries supply the ascending colon?

Answer 25

The ileocolic and right colic arteries

Question 26

Which artery supplies the transverse colon?

Answer 26

The middle colic artery

Question 27

Name the four main parts of the pancreas

Answer 27

The head, neck, body and tail

Question 28

What does the exocrine pancreas produce? 1

Answer 28

Digestive enzymes which enter the duodenum

Question 29

What does the endocrine pancreas produce? 2

Answer 29

Glucagon and insulin

Question 30

Where does the main pancreatic duct start and end?

Answer 30

It begins in the tail of the pancreas and ends at the common bile duct

Question 31

What controls the flow of bile?

Answer 31

The sphincter of the bile duct

Question 32

What prevents reflux of bile into the duct?

Answer 32

The sphincter of the pancreatic duct

Question 33

Every substance absorbed by the alimentary tract is first recieved by ......

Answer 33

the liver

Question 34

What are the three elements of the portal triad?

Answer 34

Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

Question 35

Where is bile produced?

Answer 35

In the liver

Question 36

Hepatocytes secrete bile into the ............ between them

Answer 36

bile canaliculi

Question 37

Which vessels drain the right and left livers of bile?

Answer 37

The right and left hepatic ducts

Question 38

The cystic duct connects the neck of the gallbladder to which duct

Answer 38

The common hepatic duct

Question 39

Which artery supplies the gallbladder and the cystic duct?

Answer 39

The cystic artery

Question 40

The hepatic portal vein. What is it deprived of and what is it full of?

Answer 40

It is oxygen low, and nutrient-rich

Question 41

Name three functions of the kindeys

Answer 41

Removal of excess water, salts, and wastes of protein metabolism from the blood

Question 42

What drains the kidneys of urine?

Answer 42

The ureters

Question 43

Name the four secretions of the suprarenal gland

Answer 43

corticosteroids, androgens, epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones

Question 44

The renal hilum is the entrance into the renal ......

Answer 44

sinus

Question 45

Where are the kidneys located? Name the position in the body (anterior or posterior) and the vertebrae levels

Answer 45

The kidneys are located on the posterior abdominal wall, at T12-L3 vertebrae level

Question 46

Name the three structures the right kidney is related with and how they are related (posterior/anterior etc)

Answer 46

The liver, duodenum and ascending colon are anterior to the right kidney

Question 47

Name the five structures the left kidney is related to

Answer 47

The stomach, spleen, pancreas, jejenum and descending colon

Question 48

Name the two parts of the suprarenal glands

Answer 48

The suprarenal cortex and suprarenal medulla

Question 49

The kidneys are supplied by which vessel and drained by which vessel?

Answer 49

The renal arteries and renal veins

Question 50

The suprarenal arteries arise from which three sources?

Answer 50

The superior suprarenal arteries, middle suprarenal arteries and inferior suprarenal arteries