Powerpoints class

Question 1

What is the function of the digestive tract? 3 parts

Answer 1

Ingestion and digestion of dietary substances, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste products.

Question 2

Name the eight things the structures in the digestive tract allow for

Answer 2

Ingestion, mastification, motility, secretion, hormone release, chemical digestion, absorption and elimination

Question 3

What type of epithelium does the esophageal mucosa have?

Answer 3

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

Name four cells of the small intestine

Answer 4

Goblet cells, paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and M cells

Question 5

What is the function of goblet cells?

Answer 5

They secrete glycoprotein mucins

Question 6

What is the function of paneth cells?

Answer 6

They release lysozyme and other substances called defensins, which bind and break down membranes of microorganisms and bacterial cell walls

Question 7

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

Answer 7

They secrete various peptide hormones

Question 8

What is the function of M cells?

Answer 8

They facilitate transepithelial transport of particles and microorganisms

Question 9

What are the different parts of the duodenum called?

Answer 9

The superior, descending, horizontal and ascending duodenum

Question 10

What are the three patterns of villi?

Answer 10

Finger-like, leaf-like or ridge-like

Question 11

What is an appendectomy?

Answer 11

The surgical removal of the appendix

Question 12

What are gastric ulcers and peptic ulcers?

Answer 12

Open lesions of the mucosa of the stomach ; lesions of the mucosa of the pyloric canal or duodenum

Question 13

What is a hiatal hernia?

Answer 13

A protrusion of part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the diaphragm

Question 14

Name the five vessels that enter or leave the liver at the hilum

Answer 14

The hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic vein, lymphatics and the common hepatic duct

Question 15

Name the eight functions of the liver and its hepatocytes

Answer 15

Synthesis of plasma proteins, conversion of amino acids into glucose, detoxification of toxins and drugs, amino acid deamination, storage of glucose in glycogen, storage of vitamin A, removal of erythrocytes and the storage of iron in ferritin complexes.

Question 16

At the apical surface of the hepatocyte …………….. occurs. At the basolateral surface of the hepatocyte …………… occurs

Answer 16

bile secretion

material absorption and secretion into the blood

Question 17

The hepatocyte has portal triads. Name the three components of the portal triad

Answer 17

A venule of the portal vein,

An arteriole of the hepatic artery, bile ductules

Question 18

What is hepatomegaly?

Answer 18

Enlargement of the liver

Question 19

What happens to the hepatocytes in liver cirrhosis?

Answer 19

The hepatocytes are progessively destructed

Question 20

Define portal hypertension and name a cause

Answer 20

Portal hypertension is a rising blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein, a cause is obstruction of the vein due to cirrhosis

Question 21

The exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes. Name four different types

Answer 21

proteases, alpha-amylase, lipases and nucleases

Question 22

How are proteases from the pancreas released?

Answer 22

As inactive zymogens

Question 23

Name the three mechanisms through which the pancreas is protected from autodigestion

Answer 23

Restriction of protease activation to the duodenum, trypsin inhibitor co-packaged with the enzymes, and a higher pH in the acinar cells and duct system

Question 24

Name two polypeptide hormones from the small intestine that control exocrine secretion, and what they promote

Answer 24

Cholecystokinin (CKK), which stimulates enzyme secretion by acinar cells, and secretin, which promotes water and bicarbonate secretion

Question 25

What four parts does the wall of the gallbladder consist of?

Answer 25

Simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, thin muscularis, serosa

Question 26

Name three functions of the spleen

Answer 26

Filtration of blood Destruction of old erythrocytes Production of antibodies and activated lymphocytes

Question 27

What are the two components of the spleen?

Answer 27

Red pulp and white pulp

Question 28

What does the white pulp of the spleen consist of?

Answer 28

Lymphoid nodules and lymphoid sheaths

Question 29

What does the red pulp of the spleen consist of?

Answer 29

Blood-filled sinusoids and splenic cords

Question 30

Where in the spleen are old/effete RBCs removed?

Answer 30

In the red pulp

Question 31

In the red pulp of the spleen there are two routes of blood flow, the closed and the open circulation. Discuss how the two work

Answer 31

In the closed circulation, capillaries connect directly to the sinusoids and blood remains enclosed by endothelium In the open circulation, capillaries are open-ended, dumping blood into the stroma of the splenic cords. The blood reenters the vasculature by slits between stave cells of the sinusoids

Question 32

Name five functions of the kidney

Answer 32

Maintenance of homeostasis (electrolyte and water), excretion of metabolic waste products, synthesis of calcitrol and EPO, conversion of vitamin D to its active form, regulation of acid-base balance

Question 33

What are the three main regions of the kidney?

Answer 33

The renal cortex, medulla, and pelvis

Question 34

What are the cortex and medulla of the kidney composed of?

Answer 34

Nephrons

Question 35

There are three filtration barriers to enter Bowman's space. Name them

Answer 35

The capillary endothelium, podocyte layer, and the fused basement membrane of the capillary and podocyte

Question 36

What type of epithelial cells is the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule made of?

Answer 36

Simple Squamous epithelial cells

Question 37

What is the function of mesengial cells in the glomerulus?

Answer 37

Secretion of a matrix of basement membrane like material to support the glomerulus

Question 38

Name the five main function of the skin

Answer 38

Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, metabolic functions (vitamin D and adipose metabolsim) and sexual attraction

Question 39

What are the four layers of the epidermis?

Answer 39

The basal cell layer/ stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

Question 40

Describe the stratum basale according to cell type

Answer 40

The stratum basale is a row of cuboidal cells

Question 41

Describe the stratum spinosum according to cells

Answer 41

Keratinocytes here develop short projections that attach to adjacent cells via desmosomes

Question 42

Describe the stratum granulosum according to cell type

Answer 42

Keratinocytes here have become squamous cells containing keratohyaline

Question 43

Describe the stratum corneum according to cell type

Answer 43

It consists of flat, keratinized scales that are shed and replaced continuously

Question 44

What does the nervous system do? 2 points

Answer 44

Controls and integrates activities of the body

Question 45

Name the two components recognized as the structural division of the nervous system

Answer 45

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Question 46

Name the two components recognized as the functional divison of the nervous system

Answer 46

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous sytem

Question 47

What does the somatic nervous system supply to?

Answer 47

It supplies sensation to the skin and joints and skeletal muscle. Voluntary nervous system

Question 48

What does the autonomic nervous system supply to?

Answer 48

Smooth muscle, glands and viscera. Involuntary nervous system

Question 49

What are the two components of the cycle of information from the nervous system?

Answer 49

Gather information from sensory receptors, generate appropriate signals to effector cells

Question 50

What is the function of myelin and myelin sheaths around neurons?

Answer 50

They are electrical insulators that prevent electric current from leaving axons

Question 51

What does the dendrite do in terms of signals?

Answer 51

It receives afferent inputs

Question 52

What does the axon do in terms of signals?

Answer 52

It conducts efferent signals to the terminal branches

Question 53

What is the function of the synaptic terminal?

Answer 53

To conduct signals to either inhibit or excite the next neuron

Question 54

Name and describe the three types of neurons

Answer 54

Motor neurons, who have large cell bodies and are multipolar Sensory neurons that have two branches, one to the CNS, the other to the sensory area. Interneurons, who make local connections within the CNS

Question 55

Describe a multipolar neuron according to dendrites and axons

Answer 55

A multipolar neuron has multiple dendrites and a single axon

Question 56

Describe a bipolar neuronn according to dendrites and axons

Answer 56

It has a single dendrite and a single axon

Question 57

Describe a pseudounipolar neuron according to axons and dendrites

Answer 57

It has single stem that splits into a single dendrite and axon

Question 58

Name three functions of neuroglia

Answer 58

They support, insulate and nourish the neurons

Question 59

What are the three main functions of Astrocytes?

Answer 59

Biochemical support of endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier, provisionof nutrients to the nervous tissue, and maintenance of extracellular ion balance

Question 60

What is the main function of oligodendrocytes?

Answer 60

To provide support and insulation to axons in the CNS

Question 61

What is the main function of microglial cells?

Answer 61

To act as an immune cell of the CNS

Question 62

What is the main function of ependymal cells?

Answer 62

The production of CSF

Question 63

What is the main function of the CNS?

Answer 63

Coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals and carry out higher mental functions such as thinking and learning

Question 64

Name the three main parts of the brain

Answer 64

cerebellum, cerebrum, and brainstem

Question 65

What doe afferent and efferent mean with regards to the nervous system?

Answer 65

Afferent is towards | Efferent is away

Question 66

What did you pick as a redudant part of the body, and why?

Answer 66

The appendix, as it is a very common procedure to remove it. However, it has a function in terms of microbiome preservation if anything happens to the intestines

Question 67

What did you pick as a part of the body that could be improved, and why?

Answer 67

Nerves and their conduction. Areas of the body can become numb easily by compression or injury