DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Question 1

what is left following the complex process of digestion?

Answer 1

waste products and fibre

Question 2

how does the digestive enzyme called pancreatic lipase work?

Answer 2

It is water soluble and can only work at the surface of fat globules

Question 3

digestion is greatly aided by emulsification.

What is emulsification and and what does it do?

Answer 3

it is the breaking up of fat globules into the much smaller emulsion droplets

Question 4

What does salvia contain?

Answer 4

the digestive enzyme called salvary amylase

Question 5

What does the digestive enzyme salvary amylase start the process of ?

Answer 5

a chemical breakdown of starchy carbohydrate into simpler sugars

Question 6

True or false. There is no chemical breakdown of fat or protein in the mouth

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

the pharynx is part of both the …. and the …..

name two

Answer 7

digestive and respiritory system

Question 8

the pharynx’s muscular walls help to do what and where to ?

Answer 8

support the swallowing process and move food from the mouth to the oesophagus

Question 9

because the pharynx serves as two different functions it contains a flap of tissue, what is the flap called ?

Answer 9

the epiglottis

Question 10

the epiglottis acts as a swith to direct what to where

Answer 10

food to the oesophagus and inspired air to the larynx

Question 11

what is the name given to the process of by which food is pushed into the oesophagus from the mouth to the stomach >

Answer 11

peristalsis

Question 12

what is peristalsis and what does it do ?

Answer 12

it is rythmical waves of muscles contractions which help push food toward the stomach

Question 13

no chemical breakdown takes place with peristalsis

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

how long is an empty human stomach and what is the internal volume

Answer 14

only 15 - 30 cm long and internal volume of just 50 ml

Question 15

what does the state of an empty stomach look like ?

Answer 15

it has deep muscular folds

Question 16

how much can the stomach hold in litres of partly digested food

Answer 16

up to 4 litres

Question 17

the smooth muscle fibres of the stomach are orientated into how many layers ?

Answer 17

3

Question 18

food is broken down to a thick liquied called

Answer 18

chyme pronounced kyme

Question 19

what is the role of pepsin in the stomach ?

Answer 19

it breaks the protein into smaller amino acid chains

Question 20

What is the role of peptides and gastric lipase in the stomach

Answer 20

they will be released to break down short chain triglycerides into fatty acids and mono glycerides.

Question 21

where can you also find tryglycerides

Answer 21

can be found in milk

Question 22

acid secretion in the stomach is controled by what

Answer 22

nerve impulses

Question 23

what hormone is acid secretion in the stomach controlled by

Answer 23

gastrin, which is produced by yet another gastric cell in response to nerve impulses

Question 24

what is the digestive process also affected by and why

Answer 24

our emotional state

we can salivate when food is around

Question 25

in individuals that produce too much acid or not enough mucus what can happen in the stomach

Answer 25

ulcers in the stomach wall

Question 26

very little absorbtion occurs in the stomach, but name at least two things which can cross the lining of the stmach that can be quicly absorbed

Answer 26

alchol and asprin

Question 27

how long does the churning and digestion take place in the stomach

Answer 27

up to five hours

Question 28

what happens to chyme in the stomach in the digestive process ?

Answer 28

it is spurted in small amounts through a small opening called the sphincter

Question 29

after the chyme is passed through the sphincter into the next part of the tract where does it go

Answer 29

the small intestine

Question 30

how many parts is the small intestine divided into and name them

Answer 30

three the duodenum the jejunum and the ilium

Question 31

where is the major site for the digestion and absorbtion of nutrients

Answer 31

the small intestine

Question 32

the name 'small intestine' is misleading, why

Answer 32

because it about 7 meteres i.e 25 foot long.

Question 33

what is the role of the small intestine ?

Answer 33

break down the complex structure of nutrients into their useable components.

Question 34

the liver plays a large part in digestion by doing what

Answer 34

secreting bile

Question 35

what is the role of bile in digestion

Answer 35

bile emulsifies fat and provides correct environment for the breakdown and absorbtion of fats

Question 36

what happens when the partly digested food enters the small intestine

Answer 36

it will be mixed with pancreatic enzymes that break down carbohydrates, protein and fat

Question 37

it is the small intestines role to

Answer 37

transport nutrients into the bloodstream

Question 38

what is on the surface area of the small intestine coveredwith

Answer 38

millions of villi and micro villi

Question 39

the large surface are of the villi is covered with | What ? and what is its purpose

Answer 39

blood capilliaries | for the absorbtion of nutrients

Question 40

At the center of the villi is the lacteal | What does the lacteal connect to

Answer 40

lymphatic system

Question 41

the small intestine is also the major site for what ?

Answer 41

water absorbtion

Question 42

the small amount of water that is NOT absorbed in the small intestine is passed to where ? or utilised for what ?

Answer 42

The large intestome and body or utilised for energy

Question 43

what are three vital functions that water serves in the body

Answer 43

utilised for energy efficient gut function and for the effective digestion and absorbtion of other nutrients.

Question 44

what is insoluble fibre also known as

Answer 44

non-starch polysaccharide or N S P for short

Question 45

does insoluble fibre (or N S P) disolve in water

Answer 45

NO

Question 46

insoluble fibre (N S P) passes through the gut without being broken down, what does this ensure ?

Answer 46

helps other foods move through the digestive system more easily

Question 47

insoluble fibre bulks up stools and helps to do what ? and what is the benefit ?

Answer 47

makes waste move through the digestive tract more quicly | which in turn can help consitpation

Question 48

Does soluble fibre disolve in water ?

Answer 48

Yes

Question 49

does insoluble fibre (or non starch polysaccharide (N S P) disolve in water

Answer 49

no

Question 50

where does soluble fibre disolve ?

Answer 50

the water of the digestive system

Question 51

soluble fibre disolves in the water of the digestive system, what can this help with ?

Answer 51

it appears to help reduce the amount of cholestorol in the blood

Question 52

although not fully known the exact mechanisms by which colesterol is lowered in the body it it thought EXPLAIN

Answer 52

soluble fibres can be partly digested by the bacteria in the gut and some of the products of this absorbes here! only a very small amout will be excreted by the faeces

Question 53

what is soluble fibre also known as ?

Answer 53

cellulose

Question 54

the final stage of digestion happens where ? | and with what ?

Answer 54

the large intestine with the partial breakdown of cellulose (soluble fibre).

Question 55

What is the role of the large intestine ?

Answer 55

reabsorbe the remaining water from undigested food

Question 56

the undigested food and fibre in the large intestine ends up as what ?

Answer 56

faeces

Question 57

what is the journey of the faeces from the large intestine ?

Answer 57

it passes to the colon and is then expelled from the body via the anul canal (rectum).

Question 58

where is the liver located ?

Answer 58

to the right of the stomach just inferior to the diaphragmand superior to the small intestine.

Question 59

how much does the liver weigh ? and is the what largest organ in the body ?

Answer 59

about 3 pounds and is the second largest organ in the body

Question 60

the liver has many different functions in the body but in digestion the main function is EXPLAIN

Answer 60

production of bile acid and its secretion into the small intestine

Question 61

what is the description of a gallbladder and where is the gallbladder located ?

Answer 61

small pear shaped organ located just posterior to the liver.

Question 62

what is the role of the gallbladder ?

Answer 62

to store and recycle excess bile from the small intestine so that it can be reused for the digeston of subsequent meals

Question 63

what is the pancreas ? where is it located ? and how long is it ?

Answer 63

it is a large gland, located just inferior and posterior to the stomach. It is about six inches long

Question 64

what is the role of the pancreas ?

Answer 64

it secretes digestive enzymes, including lipase (to break down of fat into fatty acids), amylase (to break down carbohydrates into glucose/sugar) and trypsin (to breakdown protein into amino acids) into the small intestine to complete the chemical digestion of foods.

Question 65

what can fibre in the blood help with

Answer 65

cholesterol lowering effect

Question 66

soluble fibre can help to ?

Answer 66

make stools more softer and easier to pass

Question 67

some types of fibre can be fermented by gut bacteria helping what

Answer 67

to produce substances that appear to be good for gut health

Question 68

``` soluble fibre (also known as fermentable fibre) is found in what ? give some examples for grains, fruits and beans/pulses and root vegetables ```

Answer 68

grains such as oats, barley and rye. fruits such as bananas and apples beans and pulses such as baked beans and chickpeas root vegetables such as carrots and potatoes

Question 69

insoluble fibre (also known as partly fermentable fibre) is found in what ? and give some examples g

Answer 69

``` cereal foods such as high fibre cereals. wholemeal bread and pasta brown rice and other whole grains. vegetables, potatoes with skins on and nuts and seeds ```

Question 70

how can dietary fibre help support weight management ?

Answer 70

it can delay gastric emptying and lower the glycaemic index of high-modarate glycaemic index foods.

Question 71

by lowering the glyceaemic index of high-moderate glycaemic index foods how will this make you feel and what wil it do ?

Answer 71

it may make your feel fuller for longer and present a slow steady release of glucose into the blood stream

Question 72

how long does it take food to move through the entire digestive tract, depending on what

Answer 72

24 - 72 hours depending on what foods eaten and how much

Question 73

how long can meat and fish take to move through the entire digestive tract ? and why does it take this amount of time ?

Answer 73

as long as two days to fully digest due to the complex protein and fat molecules

Question 74

how long does it take for fruit and vegetable to fully move through the digestive tract ? and why this amunt of time ?

Answer 74

in less than a day as they contain fibre

Question 75

how long does it take for processed food to move through the entire digestive tract

Answer 75

can be digested in a matter of hours

Question 76

the rate at which food can be fully digested can vary according to the following factors name three

Answer 76

gender metabolism and any digestive issues that could slow down or speed up the process

Question 77

Initially food will travel relatively quickly through the digestive system. state how long and the process

Answer 77

within 6 to 8 hours food will have moved through: the stomach small intestine large intestine

Question 78

once in the large intestine how long can the partially digested food sit there ?

Answer 78

for up to 72 hours

Question 79

while the undigested food sits in the large intestine it is broken down even more, explain what happens then

Answer 79

water is reabsorbed for the eliminaton of undigested food/waste products

Question 80

how much of the body is water?

Answer 80

60 - 70%

Question 81

water is by far the most important nutrient in the body, give an examples of its importance in relation to blood

Answer 81

as the base system for the blood it provides transportation system of the body.

Question 82

what does water help to move to where it is needed and what does it take away ?

Answer 82

nutrients, oxegen, vitamins and minerals takes away waste products to the excretary organs

Question 83

water plays a vital role in temperature regulation

Answer 83

it distributes heat allowing the body to ? check this one out in manual, heat to exercising muscles and to cooler places like the skins surface

Question 84

water is the environment in which | EXPLAIN

Answer 84

every single chemical reaction that occurs in the body takes place