Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Structures in the Alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structures in the accessory digestive organs

A

Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differentiate between segmentation and peristalsis. Where does segmentation take place?
Where does peristalsis take place?

A

Segmentation
* Contractions of smooth muscle move chyme (food product being digested) back and forth within canal to allow mixing and further breakdown
Peristalsis
* An organized contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle layers that propels food through the alimentary canal in one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List and briefly describe the 6 events that occur during digestion.

A

Ingestion->food through the mouth. …
Mechanical Digestion->chewing
Chemical Digestion->saliva
Movements->food to stomach
Absorption->intestines
Elimination->leave body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Differentiate between mechanical and chemical digestion.

A

Mechanical digestion
* Physical breakdown of food
particles
* Chewing, churning,
segmentation
Chemical digestion
* Enzymes and chemicals break down food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The alimentary canal is made of multiple layers of tissues. List from lumen to outermost layer, the 4 main layers of this canal

A

Lumen, Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name one organ lined with adventitia. Explain why this is the case.

A

esophagus, because it is not covered by peritoneum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Compare the nerve plexuses of the enteric nervous system.

A
  • Myenteric nerve plexus
    • Controls peristalsis and segmentation
    • Within muscularis externa
  • Submucosal nerve plexus
    • Controls secretions of glands &
      muscularis mucosa contractions
    • Within submucosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the reflex arc that occurs in the enteric nervous system.

A

sensory neurons→ interneurons → motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind(s) of digestion occur in the mouth? Elaborate.

A

both mechanical and chemical -> chewing and saliva enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the oral cavity? The lips?

A

oral cavity -> squamous stratified epithelium
lips -> stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which layer(s) of tissues common to the alimentary canal is/are missing from the oral cavity?

A

Muscularis Externa or serosa/adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue covers the anterior surface of the tongue?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the structure of the 3 types of papillae on the tongue. Which one(s) have taste buds?

A

Filiform papillae
* Rough surface
* Fungiform and circumvallate
papillae
* Contain taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is another term for “tongue-tie”? What is a potential consequence of this condition?

A

ankyloglossia
* Makes saying sounds where
tongue touches teeth (letters such
as t, z, p)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Identify the 3 primary salivary glands and their ducts

A

Parotid gland -> upper cheek
Submandibular gland ->under tongue
Sublingual gland -> below tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some functions of saliva?

A
  • Moistens mouth
  • Dissolves food (so can taste)
  • Contains digestive enzymes
  • Amylase starts breakdown of carbohydrates
  • Lipase begins digestion of fats
  • Contains mucus (helps swallowing)
  • Neutralizes acids produced by bacteria that
    promote decay (has bicarbonate buffer)
  • Antibacterial and antiviral components
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What macromolecule does saliva start to chemically digest? What is the name of this enzyme?

A

amylase breaks down carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do these terms mean? How do they relate to human dentition?
* Heterodont
* Deciduous teeth
* Permanent teeth

A
  • Heterodont dentition
    • Different shapes of teeth for different jobs
  • Deciduous teeth
    • “Baby teeth”
    • 20 total
  • Permanent teeth
    • 32 total that gradually replace deciduous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the four main types of human teeth?

A
  • Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Follow a piece of food in the alimentary canal from the entrance of the oropharynx to the
esophagus.

A

Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the types of epithelial tissue that the food passes.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the muscularis externa in the esophagus from superior to inferior (the muscle type).
What is the significance of this arrangement?

A

Upper 1/3: skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3: mix of skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3: smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Secrete mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Identify the layers of the stomach from stomach wall to lumen
Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa
26
What is the significance of 3 layers to the muscularis externa for the stomach?
To digest food
27
What is a function of the rugae?
Folds of mucosa that increase surface area and allow stomach to expand
28
What kind of digestion occurs in the stomach?
* Mechanical digestion (churning) * Chemical digestion (digestive enzymes and HCl)
29
Parietal cells
Produce and secrete 2 products * HCl which destroys bacteria * Gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine
30
Chief cells
Produce and secrete pepsinogen * Also secrete gastric lipase * Fat digestion
31
Enteroendocrine cells
Release hormones
32
Undifferentiated stem cells
Found at junction between gastric pits and gastric glands * Because of harsh environment, stomach cells are replaced every 3-7 days
33
Identify the steps involved in pepsin formation. What does pepsin do?
1. Activated when food enters stomach; releases gastrin into bloodstream 2. Stimulated by gastrin to release pepsinogen 3. Stimulated by gastrin to release HCl Pepsin breaks down proteins in food * It is created when pepsinogen mixes with HCl
34
What does gastric lipase do?
digest fats
35
What are 4 features of the small intestine that contribute to its large surface area?
Length, Circular folds, Villi, Microvilli
36
What structures are found within a villus? What foods enter which of these structures?
* Lamina propria is highly vascular * Allows for increased absorption * Capillaries * Absorb proteins and carbs * Lacteals * Absorb fats (which are too large to enter capillaries) * Muscularis mucosa * Moves villi within lumen to increase contact with nutrients
37
What kind of epithelium lines the small intestine?
Simple columnar
38
List, from stomach to large intestine, the segments of the small intestine. * Which is the longest? * Which is the shortest?
longest: Ileum shortest: Duodenum middle: Jejunum
39
What is the material called that enters the small intestine?
bile enters from liver/gallbladder
40
Describe a lacteal
Absorb fats (which are too large to enter capillaries)
41
Absorptive enterocytes (small intestine)
Majority of epithelial cells * Lots of mitochondria * Absorption of nutrients requires energy * Abundant ER * Assemble absorbed lipids into chylomicrons
42
Goblet cells
Secrete mucus * Protects surface cells and lubricates chyme
43
Enteroendocrine cells
Secrete hormones to control the release of other substances
44
What is the significance of the intestinal crypts?
Invaginations of mucosa, between villi * Epithelial cells produce intestinal juice * A watery liquid that mixes with chyme
45
Describe the cells found in the intestinal crypts (include their functions).
Undifferentiated epithelial cells (stem cells) * Rapid replacement of cells * New lining every 3-6 days * Paneth cells * At base of crypt * Secrete enzymes that selectively destroy unwanted bacteria * Help maintain healthy microbiota * Role in protecting stem cells
46
Where do duodenal glands empty? What product do they produce?
ducts that open into intestinal crypts * Found in submucosa of duodenum only * Secrete alkalinic mucus to neutralize acidic chyme
47
What does MALT stand for? What is it involved with?
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue provides defense
48
Where is bile produced? Where is it stored? What does bile do?
* Bile salts break emulsify fats in small intestine * Bile is stored in gallbladder until released into duodenum
49
Where does bile get released into?
duodenum
50
Describe the exocrine function of pancreas. Where do these sections get released?
Acinar cells produce and secrete pancreatic enzymes/juices * Breakdown different food types * Neutralizes chyme (bicarbonate) * Pancreatic juices transported in main pancreatic duct and released by sphincter
51
What structure is the final control valve that regulates pancreatic and bile release?
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
52
Describe the influence of fats and acids on hormone secretion. What are the effects of these hormones?
-Chyme from stomach activates -Presence of fat stimulates: Cholecystokinin (CCK), signals release of stored bile (breaks down fats for better absorption -Presence of Acids stimulate: secretin signals release of pancreatic juice to neutralize acids
53
What do colonocytes do? What do they absorb?
absorb primarily water/electrolytes
54
What is the significance of intestinal crypts in the large intestine?
Replace old cells
55
What are rectal valves’ claim to fame?
Transverse folds that prevent feces being passed with flatus (gas)
56
What is the difference between the external and internal anal sphincters?
External anal sphincter * Skeletal muscle, voluntary control * Internal anal sphincter * Smooth muscle, involuntary control
57
What are hemorrhoids?
* External and/or internal hemorrhoidal vein swelling * Caused by excessive straining (baby or defecating)
58
What are some functions of the liver?
Digestive function: produces bile Metabolic functions: processes blood coming from stomach and intestines
59
Where is the hepatic portal vein?
behind stomach and liver
60
What is the green sac?
Gallbladder
61
Identify what these blood vessels carry (characterize the blood within them): * Hepatic artery proper * Hepatic portal vein * Inferior vena cava
* Hepatic artery proper * Provides oxygen-rich blood to liver * Hepatic portal vein * Transports nutrient-rich blood from stomach and intestines to liver * Inferior vena cava * Removes blood from liver after it has been processed
62
What is the microscopic shape of a liver lobule?
hexagon
63
What makes up portal triads? Where are these located?
Bile duct (transports bile out of lobule) Portal venule (transports nutrient-rich blood into lobule) Portal arteriole (transports oxygen-rich blood into the lobule)
64
What is a portal system?
Blood flows through 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart (stomach/intestine and liver)
65
What is the relationship between liver and gallbladder?
Gallbladder stores and concentrates bile
66
What are most gallstones made of?
Usually formed of cholesterol that precipitates out of bile while stored in gallbladder
67
What controls the release of bile into the duodenum?
A sphincter at the duodenum
68
What causes most ulcers?
bacterium:Helicobacter pylori
69
Describe two forms of inflammatory bowel disease.
* Crohn’s Disease (more severe) * Along entire intestine; primarily in terminal ileum * Ulcerative colitis (less severe) * Shallow inflammation large intestine; primarily in rectum
70
What are symptoms of IBS?
Cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding
71
Describe celiac disease.
Autoimmune -> Gluten triggers and immune response, damages villi of small intestine

Anatomy (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions