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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of digestive system

A

ingestion
mechanical processing
digestion
secretion
absorption
excretion

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2
Q

digestive track major subdivisions

A

oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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3
Q

accessory organs of digestive system

A

salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas

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4
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane with 2 layers

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5
Q

2 layers of peritoneum

A

visceral - covers organs
parietal - lines cavities

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6
Q

peritoneal fluid function

A

lubricates allowing expansion and sliding past each other

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7
Q

mesenteries

A

series of ligaments suspended allowing passage of blood vessels nerves etc keeping in correct position

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8
Q

requirements of digestive tract

A

protection from
enzymes
acids
mechanical stress
pathogens

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9
Q

4 layers of tract

A

mucosa - opening
submucosa
musclaris externa - smooth
serosa - provides slippery outer cover

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10
Q

mucosa structure

A

stratified squamous epithelia in oral cavity and oesophagus
simple columnar with mucus cells

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11
Q

lamina propria

A

loose connective tissue

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12
Q

muscularis mucosae structure

A

2 layers
inner circular (diametre)
outer longitudinal (length)
covered in villi

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13
Q

submucosa structure

A

dense irregular connective tissue
vessels
contain glands

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14
Q

submucosal plexus

A

neural network
controls activities of digestive system

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15
Q

what system controls movements of muscularis external

A

enteric nervous system - by parasympathetic system by neurones

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16
Q

what can replace the serosa structure

A

adventitia - dense sheath of collagen fibres to attach adjacent structures
in oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and rectum

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17
Q

what cells control smooth muscle

A

pace setter cells

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18
Q

where are pacesetter cells located

A

muscularis mucosae and externa

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19
Q

how to pace setter cells stimulate contraction

A

spontaneous depolarisation moving food through digestive system

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20
Q

which muscles contract first when moving food

A

circular then longitudinal

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21
Q

function of oral cavity

A

sensory analysis of food
mechanical proceses
lubrication
limited digestion

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22
Q

2 enzymes in oral cavity

A

amylase and lingual lipase

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23
Q

saliva functions

A

lubricate
dissolve
initiate digestion

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24
Q

saliva contents

A

water
electrolytes
buffers
muffins
antibodies

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25
3 salivary glands
parotid - ear sublingual - under tongue submandibular
26
phases of swallowing
buccal pharyngeal oesophageal bolus enters stomach
27
oesophagus function
convey food and liquid to stomach
28
resting tone of oesophagus
3cm
29
what anchors oesophagus to surrounding structures
adventitia
30
enzymes in stomach
pepsin lingual lipase amylase
31
what's intrinsic factor
substance needed for vet B12 absorption
32
structure of stomach
fundus - superior pylorus - exit
33
3rd muscle layer in the stomach
oblique - mixing food
34
folds of the stomach
rugae
35
what epithelial line stomach
simple columnar to produce mucus and protect
36
gastric pits and glands
cells at base divide and replace superficial protection of lining
37
gastric glands cells
parietal - secretion of HCL chief cells - secretion pepsinogen (converts to pepsin by HCL) G cells - secret gastric to increase activites
38
pyloric glands cells
G and D cells - D cells release somatostatin inhibiting gastrin
39
mechanics of parietal cells producing HCL
- carbonic anhydrase converts co2 and h2o to carbonic acid which dissoclates to form h ions - counter transport ejects bicarbonate ions and import chloride - chloride diffuse across cell and exit through open channels into lumen of gastric gland - h ions active transported into lumen
40
what mechanisms protect stomach
mucous lining rapid cell division separate secretion of H and Cl in parietal cells secretion of inactive precursor eg pepsinogen stimulation of secretion only when needed inhibition - CCK GIP secretin
41
duodenum
25cm neutralises chyme receives secretion from pancreas and liver fewer place circulates and villi
42
duodenum
2.5m most chemical digestion and absorption many villi
43
ileum
3.5m lymphoid nodules - lymph function
44
lymph vessel running up the small intestine villi
lacteal
45
intestinal glands
epithelial dividing at base adding enzymes to lumen
46
brush border enzymes
membrane proteins breaking down material in contact eg enteropeptidase activating pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen
47
enteroendocrine cells
produce hormones in response to pH
48
enteroendocrine cells hormones
cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide
49
intestinal juice
moistens chyme and keeps in solution buffering acids
50
panaceas enzymes
alpha amylase lipase nucleases proteases peptidases secreted as inactive proenzymes
51
where are enzymes activated
activated at small intestine
52
cells of pancreas
endocrine secretion of insulin and glucagon exocrine secrete pancreatic juice
53
liver structure and receiving of blood
2 veins 1/3 from hepatic artery 2/3 from hepatic portal vein
54
hepatic portal vein function
filtered blood from the rest of the digestive system
55
how does the liver filter blood
hexagonal lobules with portal areas containing branch of hepatic portal vein, artery and bile duct blood flows past these and solutes absorbed and proteins secreted.
56
where in the liver does the blood drain
central vein
57
function of liver
metabolism remove waste vit storage eg fat soluble mineral storage drug inactivation control blood eg antigen synthesis plasma protein circulate hormones produce bile
58
when is bile release
when CCK releases triggering dilation of hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of gall bladder
59
4 colons
ascending transverse descending sigmoid
60
function of large intestine
reabsorption of water, bile and vits site of bacterial vit production compaction of intestinal contents into faeces
61
structure of large intestine
lack villi abundant mucous cells - less water so need more longitudinal layer - has taeniae (incomplete)
62
controlling movement through large intestine
para increases and sympathetic inhibits local reflexes eg pH changes stretch central reflex (gastoentric stimulates mobility and gastroileal triggers opening of valve from small)
63
gastrin hormone action (stomach)
acid production by parietal cells stimulation of gastric motility
64
GIP hormone action (Duodenum)
release insulin inhibits gastrin
65
secretin and CCK hormone action (duodenum)
release pancreatic enzymes bile secretion
66
VIP hormone action
dilation of intestinal capillaries
67
breakdown of carbs
oral - amylase stomach - disaccharides small int - disaccharides by alpha amylase intestinal mucosa (brush border) - lactase, maltase, sucrase. (cell body) - monosaccharides
68
breakdown of lipids
oral - lingual lipase small int - bile - monoglycerides and fatty acid intestinal mucosa - trigs, chylomicrons
69
where do chylomicrons leave
lacteal in villi and then lymphatic system
70
breakdown of protein
stomach - polypeptides small int - AA
71
protein enzymes in small intestine
trypsin chymotrypsin elastase carboxypeptidase

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 (9 decks)

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