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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

components of lymphatic system

A

lymphatic tissue
bine marrow
lymph
lymphatic vessels

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2
Q

what do lymph cells respond to

A

environmental pathogens
toxins
abnormal body cells

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3
Q

4 parts of lymphatic system

A

lymph (fluid)
lymphatic vessels (carry lymph from peripheral tissue to venous system)
lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs
lymphoid cells

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4
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

produce / maintain lymphocytes
return fluid and solutes to blood
distribute hormones and nutrients

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5
Q

where is lymphocyte production and distribution

A

production = lymphoid tissue, organs and red bone marrow
distribution = through lymph vessels to injury

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6
Q

lymphatic vessels and capillaries structure

A

begin as capillaries closed at one end
located between cells
merge to form vessels with thin walls and valves

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7
Q

lymphatic capillaries vs vessels

A

capillaries start as blind pockets, larger diameter, thinner walls and irregular

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8
Q

lymph trunks and ducts structure

A

trunk includes lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian and jugular trunks

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9
Q

what do lymphatic trunks merge to form

A

thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

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10
Q

what are the circulating lymphocytes

A

T cells
b cells
nk cells

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11
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs where immune cells become immunocompetent

A

red bone marrow
thymus

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12
Q

what are secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

lymph nodes
spleen
lymphoid nodules

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13
Q

route of lymph flow through nodes

A

afferent lymphatic vessel
subcapsular sinus
trabecular sinus
medullary sinus
efferent lymphatic vessel

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14
Q

lymph organ vs lymphoid nodules

A

organs = separated from surrounding tissue by fibrous capsule
nodules = bundle of lymphoid tissue without capsule eg tonsils

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15
Q

flow of lymph

A

interstitial fluid
lymph capillaries
lymph vessels
lymph trunk
lymph ducts
subclavian veins

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16
Q

lymph node circulation: afferent lymphatics

A

subcapsular space containing macrophages and dendritic cells
through outer cortex contain B cells in germinal centres
through deep cortex dominated by t cells
through core with b and plasma cells
into hilum and efferent lymphatics

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17
Q

lymph node function

A

filter
remove debris, pathogens and antigens

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18
Q

what is the cause of swelling of lymph nodes

A

inflammation

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19
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

chronic or excessive enlargement of nodes

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20
Q

7 categories of non specific defences

A

physical barrier
phagocytic cells
immunological surveillance
interferons
complement system
inflammation
fever

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21
Q

phagocytosis

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A

pathogen phagocytized by antigen presenting cell
lysosome action produces antigenic fragments
ER produces class II MHC proteins
antigenic fragments bind to above
fragments displayed on membrane

22
Q

microphages

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A

neutrophils and eosinophils
leave blood stream
enter peripheral tissue

23
Q

macrophages

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A

large phagocytic cells from monocytes
distributed through body
make up monocyte-macrophage system
fixed or free

24
Q

how do macrophages respond to pathogens

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A

engulf (lysosomal enzymes)
bind (other cells destroy)
destroy (release toxic chemicals)

25
NK cells
1. recognise and adhesion 2. realignment of golgi 3. secretion of perforin 4. lysis of abnormal cell
26
interferons
proteins (cytokines) released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages
27
3 types of interferons
alpha - produces leukocytes, stimulate NK cells beta - secreted by fibrocytes, show inflammation gamma - secreted by t and NK cells, stimulate macrophage activity
28
what do interferons do
increase resistance of cells to viral infection
29
complement system
enhances ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism
30
complement system process
antobody binds c1 attaches c1 activated and cascades c3b attaches pore formation in bacteria
31
complement cascade
11 complement proteins to antibody action causing a chain
32
2 complement cascade pathways
classical (fast) alternative (slow)
33
effects of complement activation
attract phagocytes enhance phagocytosis stimulate inflammation destruction of target cell membrane
34
inflammation and tissue repair - response to damaged tissue
increased blood flow mast cells release histamine phagocytes move to site neutrophils remove debris clot forms activation of fibrinogen
35
fever
increased body temp due to release of pyrogens
36
pyrogens
any material that causes hypothalamus to raise body temp
37
role of a fever
mobilise defences accelerate repair inhibit pathogens
38
specific immunity divisions
cell mediated (T cells recognise fragments) humoral (B cells recognise and bind to antigens)
39
MHC proteins
used to distinguish self and non self
40
classes of MHC proteins
class I = on all nucleated cells class II = on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes
41
antigen expression on cell membrane
virus has abnormal peptides class I incorporates it transported to cell membrane and displayed
42
which protein is involved in antigen expression
class I MHC
43
which protein is involved in antigen presentation
class II MHC on APC's and lymphocytes
44
2 types of T cells
cytotoxic - destroy viral infected cells helper - stimulate function of t and B cells supressor - inhibit t and B cells
45
5 types of antibody
IgG (80% in blood) IgA (gland secretion eg mucus) IgM (in lymph IgD (surfaces of B cells) IdE (in. blood)
46
active vs passive immunity
a = produce antibodies that develop due to antigens p = produce my transfer of antibodies
47
types of active immunity
induced = develop after administration of antigen naturally acquired = develop after exposure
48
types of passive immunity
naturally acquired = conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta induced = conferred by administration
49
allergy
when a person is overly reactive to a substance that is well tolerated by others
50
autoimmune disease
when immune system fails to display self tolerance and instead attacks own tissue
51
transplant rejection
body recognising transplant as non self and produces specific immune response

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 (9 decks)

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