Digestive System Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
locations of salivary glands
A
parotid, mandibular, sublingual, and molar
2
Q
what is the front portion of the roof of the mouth?
A
hard palate
3
Q
what is the back portion of the roof of the mouth?
A
soft palate
4
Q
what are the folds of the stomach? what are their function?
A
rugae; to increase surface area of the stomach to increase volume
5
Q
connects nasal cavity and soft palate
A
nasopharynx
6
Q
connects soft palate and hyoid bone
A
oropharynx
7
Q
most caudal portion of the pharynx
A
laryngopharynx
8
Q
this structure connects pharynx to stomach
A
esophagus
9
Q
tissue that connects top lip to gums
A
labial frenulum
10
Q
tissue that connects tongue to mouth
A
lingual frenulum
11
Q
tonsils located laterally to oropharynx
A
palatine tonsils
12
Q
protrusions on the taste buds that contain taste buds
A
papillae
13
Q
canine deciduous formula
A
I3 C1 P3
14
Q
canine adult formula
A
I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3
15
Q
feline deciduous formula
A
I3 C1 P3
16
Q
feline adult formula
A
I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1
17
Q
teeth on the very front of the jaw used for cutting
A
incisors
18
Q
long, sharp teeth used for biting and tearing
A
canines
19
Q
teeth used for crushing and grinding
A
premolars and molars
20
Q
part of tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels
A
pulp
21
Q
outside covering of teeth (stronger than bone)
A
enamel
22
Q
layer below the enamel that makes up the bulk of the tooth
A
dentin
23
Q
bone-like covering over roots
A
cementum
24
Q
what are the layers of the GI tract
A
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layers, serosa
25
area where esophagus enters the stomach
cardia
26
most cranial portion of the monogastric stomach
fundus
27
the largest portion of the monogastric stomach
body
28
most caudal portion of the monogastric stomach
antrum
29
the sphincter that closes off the stomach to the duodenum
pyloric sphincter
30
what is the first chamber of the ruminant stomach that is the primary site for microbial fermentation aka the paunch?
rumen
31
what is the second chamber of the ruminant stomach that digests food particles? aka the honeycomb
reticulum
32
what is the third chamber of the ruminant stomach that further digests food particles? aka "book stomach"
omasum
33
what is known as the true stomach in ruminants?
abomasum
34
links esophagus to omasum and bypasses reticulorumen
esophageal groove
35
what enzyme is released for milk protein coagulation in young ruminants
rennin
36
ingesta moves up from reticulorumen ro oral cavity for further breakdown and more saliva (chewing cud)
rumination
37
gases released during fermentation so animal doesnt bloat
eructation
38
what is the first portion of the small intestines which connects to pyloric sphincter?
duodenum
39
what is the name of the structure where the bile duct and pancreatic duct meet? it allows digestive juices to meet and break down food (chyme)
ampulla of vater
40
what is the middle portion of the small intestine where chemical digestion and absorption occur?
jejunum
41
what is the last portion of the small intestine?
ileum
42
permanent folds in mucosal lining
plications
43
help moves contents through intestines
villi
44
house cells that replace worn out cells
intestinal crypts
45
where does the ileum empty into in a horse?
cecum
46
where does the ileum empty into in dogs and cats?
colon
47
where does the ileum empty into in ruminants?
cecum and colon
48
capillaries carry lipids that are too large to thoracic duct into vena cava
lacteals
49
pear shaped organ that stores and releases bile for digestion
gallbladder
50
location of gallbladder
upper right quadrant of the abdomen under the liver
51
structure that drains bile from gallbladder and joins with hepatic and bile ducts
cystic duct
52
structure that drains bile from the liver
hepatic duct
53
where hepatic and cystic ducts join
common bile duct
54
what is the function of the pancreas for digestion
to release enzymes into the pancreatic duct where it joins with the bile duct to digest food in the duodenum
55
what hormone is produced to lower blood sugar
insulin
56
what hormone is produced to raise blood sugar
glucagon
57
what enzyme breaks down lipids into FFAs and monoglyceride
lipase
58
what enzyme breaks down starches into maltose
amylase
59
what enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acids
proteolytic enzymes (proteases)
60
composition of bile
bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile pigments
61
4 parts of large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anus
62
why is the large intestine considered larger than the small intestine
wider in diameter
63
functions of the liver
-digestion and absorption
-excretes toxic substances
-produces plasma protein, cholesterol, and blood coagulation factors
64
how many lobes does the liver have
6
65
how does the liver receive blood
hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery
66
the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct creates what
triad
67
how does the liver excrete bile
via hepatocytes into the canaliculi to the bile duct
68
bile is necessary for...
lipid digestion in the intestines
69
what are the bulging sac-like structures of the large intestine
sacculations or haustra
70
most common type of movement of the large intestine
segmentation
71
what is another type of movement in the GI tract
peristalsis
72
what is the term for moving backwards towards the stomach to allow more time for absorption
antiperistalsis
73
what are the 3 parts to the colon
ascending, transverse, descending
74
what organ stores and filters blood, produces white blood cells and antibodies, and maintains fluid balance
spleen
75
location of the spleen
left abdomen above the stomach
76
bringing food in
prehension
77
chewing
mastication
78
swallowing
deglutition
79
shallow depressions dot the mucosal surface lined by glandular cells
gastric pits
80
protects mucosa against gastric acid
alkaline mucus
81
rugae very prominent here, glanular regions have different cells that produce secretions
fundus
82
last glandular portion of the stomach which narrows into a canal
pylorus
83
determines the rate of gastric emptying
pyloric sphincter
84
what phase starts when an animal anticipates a meal
cephalic phase
85
the cephalic phase causes a secretion of _______ into the stomach and _______ into the blood stream
pepsinogen, gastrin
86
this phase begins when food enters stomach
gastric phase
87
what is stimulated by stomach walls stretching
glandular cells
88
secretions of HCl results in a pH of the stomacha as low as
2.0 (lemon juice)
89
what regulates and controls the rate of gastric contents released into the small intestine
"pacemaker cells" controlled by autonomic nervous system
90
when large particles of food cannot pass through sphincter and are forced back for further breakdown
retropulsion
91
neurotransmitters and hormones can affect stomach motility and rate of gastric emptying
neurohumoral control
92
motility of stomach decreases and food enters and increases as it reaches pyloric region, these opposing responses are a result of
vagal nerve stimulation
93
hormones for gastric emptying
secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide
94
second phase of digestion
chemical digestion
95
chemical reaction in which bond is broken by insertion of water molecule
hydrolysis
96
short chain polymers are broken down into basic components
membranous
97
what enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion in the saliva
amylase
98
what enzymes breaks down protein that begins in the stomach and continues to small intestines
proteolytic enzyme (proteses)
99
