DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
the layers of the tract wall are called
A
tunics
2
Q
what are the 4 layers of the digestive tract
A
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
3
Q
this is the innermost tunic and it secretes mucus
A
mucosa
4
Q
this lies outside the mucosa
A
submucosa
5
Q
this lies outside the submucosa
A
muscularis
6
Q
inner layer of muscularis
A
circular smooth muscle
7
Q
outer layer of muscularis
A
longitudinal smooth muscle
8
Q
an extensive network of cell processes forms a __ within the submucosa
A
plexus
9
Q
the outermost layer of the digestive tract
A
serosa
10
Q
two types of peritoneum
A
visceral
parietal
11
Q
the peritoneum that covers the organs
A
visceral
12
Q
the peritoneum that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
A
parietal
13
Q
it is a potentially life threatening inflammation of the peritoneal membranes
A
peritonitis
14
Q
many of the organs of the abdominal cavity are held in place by connective tissue sheets called __ ; also provide a route for blood vessels and nerves
A
mesentries
15
Q
types of mesentries
A
mesentry proper
lesser omentum
greater omentum
16
Q
type of mesentry associated w small intestine
A
mesentry proper
17
Q
mesentry connecting the lesser curvature of stomach to liver and diaphragm
A
lesser omentum
18
Q
mesentry connecting the greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall
A
greater omentum
19
Q
the greater omentum creates a cavity or pocket called
A
omental bursa
20
Q
abdominal organs with no mesentries are called
A
retroperitoneal
21
Q
are muscular structures formed mostly by orbicularis oric muscle
A
lips
22
Q
this structure form the lateral walls of the oral cavity. the buccinator muscles are located within these ; important in the process of mastication or chewing
A
cheeks
23
Q
begins the process of mechanical digestion which breaks down large food particles into smaller ones
A
mastication
24
Q
this structure is a large muscular organs that occupies most of the oral cavity
A
tongue
25
thin fold of tissue in floor of the mouth
frenulum
26
how many teeth are in the normal adult mouth
32
27
in each quadrant of teeth there are
central
lateral incisor
canine
premolar
molar
28
the third molars are called
wisdom teeth
29
the teeth of adults are called
permanent teeth or secondary teeth
30
permanent teeth are replacements for
primary teeth or deciduous teeth
31
what are the three regions of teeth
crown
neck
root
32
the bulk of the tooth is formed by a living, cellular, calcified tissue called
dentin
33
in the crown region, the dentin is covered by an extremely hard acellular substance called __ which protects the teeth against abrasions
enamel
34
the surface of the dentin is covered with __ which helps anchor the tooth in the jaw
cementum
35
within the center of the tooth is a hollow space called
pulp cavity
36
the pulp cavity is filled with a material called __ which consists of blood vessels and nerves
pulp
37
the teeth are held in place within pockets in the bone called
alveoli
38
the alveolar processes are covered by
gingiva or gums
39
they secure the teeth in the alveoli by embedding them in cementum
periodontal ligaments
40
this is the result of the breakdown of enamel by acids produced by bacteria
dental caries or tooth decay
41
this is the inflammation and degeneration of periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone
periodontal disease
42
this is the roof of the oral cavity which separated the oral from the nasal cavity
palate
43
two parts of the palate
soft
hard
44
the anterior part of the palate and contains bone
hard palate
45
the posterior part of the palate and consists of skeletal muscles and connective tissue
soft palate
46
this is a posterior extension of the soft palate
uvula
47
these are located in the lateral posterior walls of the oral cavity, in the nasopharynx, and in the posterior surface of the tongue
tonsils
48
what are the three major pairs of salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
49
salivary glands produce
saliva
50
saliva is a mixture of _ and _ fluids and has multiple roles
serous and mucous
51
the largest salivary gland which are serous gland located located just anterior to each ear
parotid gland
52
this is an inflammation of the parotid gland caused by a viral infection
mumps
53
this type of gland produce more serous than mucous secretions
submandibular glands
54
this salivary gland is the smallest of the three paired salivary glands and these produce primarily mucous secretions
sublingual glands
55
what is the normal rate of saliva secretions
0.5L to 1.5L
56
the serous part of saliva produced mainly by the parotid and submandibular glands contains a digestive enzyme called
salivary amylase
57
the mucous secretions of the submandibular and sublingual glands contain a large amount of
mucin
58
this is the throat which connects the mouth with the esophagus
pharynx
59
what are the three parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
60
the posterior walls of the orophayrnx and laryngopharynx are formed by the superior, middle, and inferior
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
61
it is a muscular tube lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium that extends from the pharynx to the stomach ; 25cm long
esophagus
62
these regulate movement of food into and out of the esophagus
upper and lower esophageal sphincters
63
what are the three phases of swallowing
voluntary
pharyngeal
esophageal
64
what are the 4 regions of the stomach
cardiac part
fundus
body
pyloric part
65
the pyloric part is surrounded by the __ and this helps regulate the movement of gastric contents into the small instestine
pyloric sphincter
66
the muscular layers in the stomach produce a ___ action
churning
67
the submucosa and mucosa of the stomach are arranged in large folds called __ when the stomach is empty ; allows to stretch
rugae
68
the mucosal surface forms numerous tubelike __
gastric pits
69
as food enters the stomach, the food is mixed with stomach secretion to become a semifluid mixture called
chyme
70
it is a painful or burning sensation in the chest usually associated with an increase in gastric acid secretion
heartburn or gastritis
71
regulation of stomach secretions can be divided into three phases which are
cephalic
gastric
intestinal
72
this phase of regulation of stomach secretions is the brain phase of stomach secretion. it is controlled by the CNS and begins even before the bolus of food enters the stomach
cephalic phase
73
this phase of regulation of stomach secretions produces the greatest volume of gastric secretions
gastric phase
74
this phase of regulation of stomach secretions inhibits gastric secretions
intestinal phase
75
uncomfortable sensations caused by peristaltic waves that lasts 2-3 minutes (stomach growling)
hunger pangs
76
this is about 6m long and consists of three parts
small intestine
77
what are the three parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
78
what are the 4 major cell types in the small intestine
absorptive cells
goblet cells
granular cells
endocrine cells
79
the epithelial cells are located within tubular glands of the mucosa called __ which open at the base of villi
intestinal glands or crypts of lieberkuhn
80
the submucosa of the duodenum contains mucous glands called __ which open into the base of intestinal glands
duodenal glands
81
clusters of lymphatic nodules are called __ ; these help protect the intestinal tract from harmful pathogens
peyer patches
82
the site where the ileum connects to the large intestine is called the
ileocecal junction
83
secretions from the mucosa of the small intestine contain mainly
mucus, ions and water
84
what are the two major movements in the small intestine
peristaltic contractions
segmental contractions
85
this type of contraction proceeds along the length of the intestine for variable distances and cause chyme to move along the small intestine
peristaltic
86
this type of contraction are propagated for only short distances and mix intestinal contens
segmental contractions
87
this is the largest internal organ of the body and weight about 1.36 kg or 3 pounds
liver
88
the liver consists of 4 lobes
right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
89
the right and left lobe are separated by a connective tissue septum called the
falciform ligament
90
visible from an inferior view of the liver is the __ ; where blood vessels, ducts, nerves enter and exit
porta
91
what are the 2 blood sources of the liver
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
92
delivers oxygenated blood to the liver, which supplies liver cells with oxygen
hepatic artery
93
carries nutrient rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver
hepatic portal vein
94
where blood exits the liver and empties into the inferior vena cava
hepatic vein
95
hexagon shaped regions surrounded by connective tissue septa and defined by a portal triad at each corner and a central vein in the center of the lobule
hepatic lobules
96
central veins of the lobules unite to form
hepatic veins
96
are strings of cells that radiate out from the central vein of each lobule like the spokes of a wheel
hepatic cords
97
the hepatic cords are composed of __, the functional cells of the liver
hepatocytes
97
are blood channels in the spaces in between the hepatic cords
hepatic sinusoids
98
is a cleftlike lumen that lies between the cells within each cord
bile canaliculus
99
produced by hepatocytes flows through bile canaliculi toward the hepatic triad
bile
100
the liver produces and secretes about __ of bile each day
600-1000mL of bile each day
101
one common bile pigment is __ which results from breakdown of hemoglobin by hepatocytes
bilirubin
102
these may form is the amount of cholesterol secreted by the liver becomes excessive and is not able to be dissolved by bile salts
gallstones
103
it is a complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues that perform several functions
pancreas
104
the portion of the digestive tract extending from the ileocecal junction to the anus
large intestine
105
how many hours are required for material to pas through the large intestine
18-24 hours
106
in the colon, chyme is converted to
feces
107
how many mL of feces are eliminated
80-150mL
108
the proximal end of the large intestine where it joins with the small intestine ; a sac that extends inferiorly
cecum
109
attached to the cecum is a tube about 9cm long called
appendix
110
it is about 1.5-1.8m long and consists of 4 parts
colon
111
the mucosal lining of the colon contains numerous straight, tubular glands called __ which contain many mucus producing goblet cells
crypts
112
the longitudinal smooth muscle of the colon forms three bands called
teniae coli
113
it is a straight muscular tube that begins at the termination of he sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal
rectum
114
the last 2-3cm of the digestive tract is the
anal canal
115
the anal canal begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends at the
anus
116
these are enlarged or inflamed rectal or hemorrhoidal veins that supply the anal canal
hemorrhoids
117
the colon stores the feces until they are eliminated by the process of
defecation
118
every 8-12 hours, large parts of the colon undergo strong contractions called
mass movements
119
this reflex consists of local and parasympathetic reflexes
defecation reflex
120
this is the breakdown of food to molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the blood
digestion
121
what are the two types of digestion
mechanical
chemical
122
this begins in the stomach where some small lipid soluble molecules can diffuse through the stomach epithelium
absorption
123
this requires carrier molecules and includes facilitated diffusion, cotransport, and active transport
transport
