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IPHY 3410 - Exam 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system function

A

Process food molecules and move them into the blood

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2
Q

What is the flow of the digestive tract?

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract –> alimentary canal –> digestive tract –> gut

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3
Q

Organs of the digestive system

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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4
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

What do accessory organs help with?

A

Assisting with digestion but do not carry food at any time

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6
Q

Membrane

A

2 layers (epithelium lines space; CT nourishes epithelium)

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7
Q

Mucosa (mucous membrane)

A

Lines lumen of GI tract, has simple columnar for absorption/secretion

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8
Q

What is the CT layer in the mucosa?

A

Lamina propria

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9
Q

Serosa (serous membrane)

A

Lines peritoneal cavity, mesothelium is simple squamous for sliding around

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10
Q

What is the deep lining CT layer of the serous cavity?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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11
Q

What is the outer lining CT layer of the serous cavity?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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12
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum connecting parietal and visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

What does the mesentery do?

A

Supports GI tract, carries vessels and nerves, stores fat

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14
Q

Mesentery order

A

Lumen, mucosa etc., visceral peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, parietal peritoneum, mesentery

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15
Q

During development, some organs in the abdominopelvic cavity become buried in the body wall, what is this?

A

Secondarily retroperitoneal (ex: pancreas)

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16
Q

Does the organ still have peritoneum after becoming buried?

A

Yes on one side and adventitia on other side

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17
Q

What are organs called that keep their mesentery?

A

Intraperitoneal (ex: stomach)

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18
Q

Mucosa

A

Closest to lumen

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19
Q

Epithelial layer of mucosa

A

Most simple columnar

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20
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Release product into blood (inside body)

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21
Q

Exocrine cells

A

Release product into lumen (“outside” body) (ex: mucus)

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22
Q

What are other epithelial cells used for in the mucosa?

A

Absorption

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23
Q

What is the rate of cell turn over of epethelium in the mucosa?

A

RAPID

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24
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

A layer of smooth muscle unique to the digestive system

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25
How does the muscularis mucosae dislodge sharp objects?
Twitching
26
Submucosa
Connective tissue (tough but flexible)
27
Submucosal nerve plexus
Network of nerves = part of enteric nervous system (in submucosa)
28
What else does the submucosa contain other than the submucosal nerve plexus?
Blood/lymph vessels, exocrine glands
29
Muscularis externa
Smooth muscle layer
30
Myenteric nerve plexus
Part of enteric nervous system
31
What is an example of a longitudinal muscle?
Peristalsis = pushes food along GI tract
32
Serosa
Serous membrane (visceral serosa or visceral peritoneum)
33
How does the serosa produce fluid?
Produces serous fluid by filtration (mostly)
34
What is the epithelium in the serosa?
Mesothelium
35
What are the steps of food processing?
Ingestion, mechanical breakdown, secretion, chemical digestion, absorption, propulsion, defecation
36
Ingestion
Food taken into mouth
37
Mechanical breakdown and mixing
Breaking down food into smaller parts = more surface area exposed to chemical action
38
Secretion
Ex: secretes enzymes and mucus
39
Chemical digestion
Breaking down large nutrient molecules (proteins) into smaller ones (amino acids)
40
Absorption
Small molecules actively taken up by epithelium = moves into blood or lymph
41
Propulsion
Move food along tract by swallowing and peristalsis (happens throughout process)
42
Defecation
Eliminate indigestible material from anus
43
Proximal describes the ______ of the GI tract
Beginning (following the tube)
44
Distal describes the ______ of the GI tract
End (following the tube)
45
Mouth (oral cavity)
Chewing forms bolus of food (has nonkeratinized stratified squamous)
46
Salivary glands
Secrete saliva into mouth (includes enzymes to initiate carbohydrate digestion in mouth)
47
Pharynx
Skeletal muscles propel food through pharynx = voluntary (has nonkeratinized stratified squamous)
48
Esophagus
Delivers food from pharynx to stomach (lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous)
49
Where is the esophagus located?
Mediastinum (area between lungs and behind heart)
50
Where does heart burn stem from?
The esophagus
51
What kind of muscles does the esophagus have?
Smooth AND skeletal muscle (all involuntary) = peristalsis
52
Where is the cardiac sphincter?
Cardiac sphincter at exit into stomach (circular muscle layer of muscularis externa is thick)
53
What does the structure of the esophagus help with?
Preventing reflux from stomach
54
What does a hiatal hernia cause?
The esophagus can't close which leads to gastroesophageal reflux disease
55
Stomach
Store and churn food into chyme (for mechanical breakdown) where then the chemical digestion of proteins begins
56
Secreting acid (HCI)
Steralizies and prevents infection; separates molecules (EXOCRINE)
57
Secreting digestive enzyme
Breaks down proteins (EXOCRINE)
58
Secreting mucus and bicarbonate
EXOCRINE
59
Secreting gastrin hormone (messenger via blood)
Stimulates acid secretion (ENDOCRINE)
60
Absorption
Some water and ions, NO NUTRIENTS (molecules broken down for energy)
61
Pyloric sphincter
Thickened CIRCULAR muscle at the distal end of stomach = evens out flow of chyme to small intestine
62
Rugae
Folds of mucosa and submucosa = allows distention
63
What is muscularis externa third muscle layer?
Oblique (deepest layer)
64
Mucosa in stomach
Simple columnar, surface epithelium secretes bicarbonate
65
What is an example of bicarbonate that is secreted in the stomach?
Alkaline = neutralizes acid and mucus
66
Are there goblet cells in the stomach?
NO!
67
Gastric glands (mucous neck cells)
Secrete bicarbonate and mucus
68
Parietal cells (blue)
HCI (acid)
69
Chief cells (purple)
Pepsinogen (inactive enzyme) begins process of breaking down protein
70
Enteroendocrine cells (green)
Gastrin (hormone) secrete hormones and travel thru blood supply
71
Stem cells
Between pit/gland boundary
72
GI tract function (1)
Chemical digestion (primary site of digestion)
73
GI tract function (2)
Absorption (primary site of nutrient absorption)
74
GI tract function (3)
Secretion
75
GI tract function (4)
Mixing by segmentation (produces segments of contraction at a time)
76
Duodenum
Shortest part of small intestine that receives secretion from pancreas and bladder
77
Duodenal glands
(in submucosa) Secrete bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid and mucus
78
Jejunum
Most absorption occurs here
79
Ileum
Has peyer's patches and is in lamina propria and submucosa
80
Peyer's patches
Aggregated lymphoid nodules
81
Small intestine epithelium
Simple columnar
82
Plicae circulares (circular folds)
Folds of mucosa and submucosa that slow down the passage of chyme and increase surface area
83
Plicae circulares are permanent unlike what?
Rugae
84
What is the increased surface area in circular folds good for?
Increased surface area to absorption surface = more proteins embedded
85
Villi
Projections of mucosa
86
What does villi do?
Increase surface area for absorption
87
Where are the nutrients absorbed into villi going to?
From gut lumen to blood or lymph
88
What are the sugars and amino acids absorbed by in the villI?
Blood capillaries
89
What are the lipids absorbed by in the villi?
Lacteals (specialized lymph vessels)
90
Microvilli
Tiny bumps on individual cells
91
Absorptive cells
Folding of plasma membrane of enterocytes
92
What is microvilli's functional benefit?
Adding surface area for speed of absorption
93
Goblet cells
Lubricant for passage of mucus (secretion)
94
Where are the intestinal crypts (glands)?
Hidden in mucosa, between villi
95
What are intestinal crypts good for?
Secreting intestinal juice and maintaining liquid state of chyme
96
Large intestine function (1)
Absorb water, ions, some vitamins. NO NUTRIENTS!
97
Large intestine function (2)
Passageway for materials that cannot be absorbed = feces
98
Where is the cecum?
Separated from small intestine by ileocecal valve
99
Cecum
Prevents backflow into small intestine
100
Vermiform appendix
Has lymphoid tissue
101
Appendicitis
Inflamed appendix
102
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum (ruptured appendix)
103
Ascending colon
Travels across transverse and down descending
104
Transverse colon
Travels across
105
Descending colon
Traveling down
106
Sigmoid colon
Right before the rectum
107
Rectum
Muscular organ specialized for defecation
108
Anal canal
Opening controlled by internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) and external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
109
Teniae coli
Three thickened bands of longitudinal muscle layer
110
Haustra
Ball shapes in large intestines to break up feces = due to contraction of teniae coli
111
Epithelium type in wall of large intestine
Mostly simple columnar
112
Colonocytes
Absorptive cells
113
What do goblet cells do in the wall of the large intestine?
Secrete mucus
114
What epithelium is in the distal part of the anal canal?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
115
MALT
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
116
Intestinal crypts protect what in the large intestine?
Lining (secretes mucus/stem cells)

IPHY 3410 - Exam 2 (5 decks)

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