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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the digestive system

A

1)Break down to make available nutrients
2)Absorption of nutrients
3)Production of nutrients, hormones & neurotransmitters

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2
Q

2 subsections of organ groups

A

1)Alimentary canal
2)Accessory digestive organs

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3
Q

6 major steps of the digestive process

A

1)Ingestion
2)Mechanical Breakdown
3)Propulsion
4)Digestion
5)Absorption
6)Excretion

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4
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscle contractions and relaxations to move food along the canal

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5
Q

Segmentation

A

Food breakdown and mixing to create a homogenized mixture

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6
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Membrane on external surface on the digestive organ

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7
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Membrane that lines body cavity

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8
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Fluid-filled space between peritoneums, adding lubrication

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9
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum that holds organs in place

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10
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

Organs located within the peritoneum

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10
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Organs located outside of the peritoneum

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10
Q

4 tissue layers of the alimentary canal

A

1)Mucosa
2)Submucosa
3)Muscularisa externa
4)Serosa

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11
Q

3 layers of the mucosa

A

1)Epithelium
2)Lamina propria
3)Muscularis mucosae

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12
Q

2 main nerve plexuses of the enteric NS

A

1)Submucosal
2)Myenteric

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13
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus

A

Located between circular and longitudinal muscles of the muscularis externa

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14
Q

What muscle are the lips composed of?

A

Orbicularis oris

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15
Q

What muslce are the cheeks composed of?

A

Buccinator

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16
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

Short lingual frenulum; tongue-tied

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17
Q

4 types of surface papillae of the tongue

A

1)Foliate
2)Filiform
3)Fungiform
4)Vallate

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18
Q

2 types of secretory cells of glands

A

1)Serous
2)Mucous

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19
Q

3 types of extrinsic salivary glands

A

1)Parotid
2)Sublingual
3)Submandibular

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20
Q

4 types of teeth

A

1)Incisors
2)Canines
3)Pre-molars (bicuspids)
4)Molars

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21
Q

Crown of a tooth

A

Exposed part above the gum

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22
Q

Root of a tooth

A

Embedded in the gum; attached to jawbone

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23
Q

What enzyme breaks starch down in the mouth?

A

Salivary amylase

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24
Q

What enzyme breaks fats down?

A

Lingual lipase (occurs in the stomach, but is produced in the mouth)

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25
Q

2 types of the muscles of the pharynx?

A

1)Longitudinal inner muscles
2)Outer pharyngeal constrictors

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26
Q

Where does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

Esophageal hiatus

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27
Q

Where does the esophagus join the stomach?

A

Cardial orifice

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28
Q

What surrounds the cardial orifice?

A

Cardiac sphincter

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29
Q

What muscles make up the muscularis externa in the esophagus?

A

Skeletal muscle (superior), mixed (middle) and smooth muscle (inferior)

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30
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

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31
Q

2 phases of deglutition

A

1)Buccal
2)Esophageal

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32
Q

What is chyme?

A

Conversion of bolus and gastric juice into a slurry

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33
Q

What are the mucosa folds that line the stomach?

A

Rugae

34
Q

What are the omentums?

A

Mesentery that extend from the lesser (to the liver) or greater (to the intestine) curvature of the stomach

35
Q

How does the muscularis externa differ in the stomach?

A

There are 3 layers instead of 2; circular, longitudinal and oblique

36
Q

How does the mucosa layer differ in the stomach?

A

Contains gastric pits on the surface

37
Q

What is the function of parietal cells?

A

To secrete HCl and an intrinsic factor + activates pepsin

38
Q

What is the function of chief cells?

A

To secrete pepsinogen

39
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

To secrete hormones and paracrines

40
Q

Histamine and gastrin both…

A

…secrete HCl

41
Q

What mechanisms stimulate gastric secretion?

A

Neural & hormonal mechanisms

42
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A

1)Cephalic
2)Gastric
3)Intestinal

43
Q

What are 2 ways that inhibit the intestinal phase?

A

1)Enterogastric reflex
2)Enterogastrones (secretin/cholecystokinin)

44
Q

What are 2 ways that the stomach can keep a constant pressure?

A

1)Receptive relaxation
2)Gastric accomodation

45
Q

What does BER stand for and what does it do?

A

Basic electrical rhythm; creates peristaltic waves in the stomach to move the chyme along

46
Q

What is the digestive function of the liver?

A

To produce bile

47
Q

What is the galbladder’s function?

A

To store bile

48
Q

What is the pancreas’ function?

A

To produce enzymes and bicarbonate

49
Q

What are the 4 primary lobes of the liver

A

Caudate, quadrate, right (larger) & left (small)

50
Q

What separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

51
Q

What is the remnant of the fetal umbilical cord?

A

Round ligament (continuation of the falciform ligament)

52
Q

What does the porta hepatis allow for?

A

Allows for the passage of ducts, veins and artery

53
Q

What are the functional units of the liver?

A

Liver lobules (contain hepatocytes); central vein located directly through

54
Q

What is the purpose of the liver sinusoids?

A

Transfers blood from the portal triad to the central vein

55
Q

What is the purpose of the stellate macrophages?

A

To be located throughout the liver sinusoids and rid of any bacteria/old blood

56
Q

What is the function of enterohepatic circulation?

A

Recycling mechanism that conserves bile salts

57
Q

Bile

A

Consists of bilirubin and bile salts to break down fat in the duodenum

58
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Chronic inflammation of the liver, typically due to alcoholism

59
Q

Which ducts form the bile duct?

A

Common hepatic duct (liver) & cystic duct (galbladder)

60
Q

What is the exocrine purpose of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells secrete proenzymes that are transferred to the duodenum through the main pancreatic duct; HCO3- is transferred through smaller ducts

61
Q

Where do bile and enzymes unite before entering the duodenum?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla & sphincter

62
Q

What is the opening that allows for the bile and enzyme mixture to enter the duodenum?

A

Major duodenal papillae

63
Q

What enzyme helps activate pancreatic proenzymes?

A

Enteropeptidase, bound to duodenal plasma membrane, helps start the activation cascade of the incoming pancreatic proenzymes

64
Q

When is cholecstokin (CCK) and secretin secretion activated?

A

When chyme enters the duodenum

65
Q

Where is CCK and secretin secreted from?

A

From duodenal enteroendocrine cells

66
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

66
Q

What features increase absorption in the small intestine?

A

Circular folds, villi and microvilli

66
Q

5 major cell types in the intestinal crypts

A

1)Enterocytes: absorption
2)Goblet: mucus-secreting
3)Enteroendocrine: release CCK/secretin
4)Paneth: antimicrobial agents
5)Stem: divide to produce other cells

66
Q

What structure produces intestinal juice?

A

Intestinal crypts

66
Q

What are the function of brush-border enzymes?

A

Final carbohydrate/protein digestion

66
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

They contain lymphocytes and macrophages to protect against the bloodstream from increased bacteria

67
Q

What is the Migrating Motor Complex?

A

Peristaltic waves that occur further along the small intestine

68
Q

What are the 4 sections of the colon?

A

Ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid

69
Q

What are the 5 parts of large intestine?

A

Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum & anal canal

70
Q

What are the 2 sphincters of the anal canal?

A

Internal (involuntary) & external (voluntary) anal sphincters

71
Q

What are the mesentery sheets that are attached to the colon?

A

Mesocolons

72
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

Lines the bottom of the anal sinuses

73
Q

What is the major function of the large intestine?

A

Propulsion and defecation

74
Q

Haustral contractions

A

Contractions of haustra when large intestine is distended

75
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

Response of increased motility in large intestine to make space for incoming food from the stomach

76
Q

Defecation reflex

A

As feces reaches the rectum, parasympathetic signals stimulate the relaxation of the internal anal sphincter

77
Q

Valsalva’s maneuver

A

Intense inhalation against a closed glottis which increased intra-abdominal pressure

78
Q

Emulsification

A

Breakdown of fat globules, by dispersing them and reducing fat-fat interactions

79
Q

Na+ ions are up-taken through the absorption of what nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates and proteins

80
Q

Purpose of fat micelles

A

To make fat molecules water-soluble as they are coated with lecithin and bile salts

Anatomy (6 decks)

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