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Anatomy > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Elements of blood

A

Plasma & formed elements

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2
Q

What make up the formed elements?

A

Platelets, leukocytes & erythocytes

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3
Q

5 types of leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

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4
Q

What are the 2 main categories of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

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5
Q

Which leukocytes are classified by granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils; which have lobed nuclei

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6
Q

Which leukocytes are classified by agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes & monocytes

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7
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

T & B cells

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8
Q

Which leukocytes differentiate into macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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9
Q

Antimicrobial proteins in a neutrophil

A

Defensins

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10
Q

Respiratory burst

A

A way that neutrophils can kill bacteria; by producing bleach or hydrogen peroxide

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11
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Production of white blood cells

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12
Q

Where do all leukocytes originate from?

A

A hemocytoblast

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13
Q

2 branching pathways from a hemocytoblast

A

Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

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14
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells produce?

A

Lymphocytes

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15
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells produce?

A

Granulocytes and monocytes

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16
Q

Leukopenia

A

Abnormal low WBC count; commonly induced by drugs

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17
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancerous overproduction of an abnormal WBC (creating clones of it); impair bone marrow function

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18
Q

Difference between acute and chronic leukemia

A

Acute: Fast acting; affects stem cells
Chronic: Slow acting; affects later cell stages

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19
Q

Infectious mononucleosis “mono”

A

Results in high numbers of atypical agranulocytes; caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

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20
Q

2 intrinsic defense systems of the Immune system

A

Innate and Adaptive

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21
Q

Innate defense system

A

Has 1st (skin and mucosae) and 2nd line of defense; protects against foreign substances without being specific

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22
Q

Adaptive defense system

A

3rd line of defense; attacks particular foreign substances and takes longer to react

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23
Q

Types of adaptive defenses

A

B (humoral) & T (cellular) cells

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24
Q

Phagolysosome

A

Fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome to destroy pathogens

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25
Q

How does the phagocyte recognize a pathogen?

A

Through its carbohydrate signature

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26
Q

Opsonization

A

Any pathogen coated with opsonins; helps to accelerate phagocytosis

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27
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells

A

Eliminate a variety of pathogens based on abnormalities on cell body surface; nonphagocytic, as they rather induce apoptosis when there is a lack a certain receptor (MHC)

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28
Q

4 cardinal signs if inflammation is present?

A

Redness, heat, swelling and pain (5th: impaired function)

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29
Q

How to identify an inflammatory illness?

A

The organs name and ending with -itis

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30
Q

Mast cells

A

Initiate local inflammatory responses against foreign substances; releases histamine

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31
Q

Immune response of histamine

A

Vasodilation/increased capillary permeability

32
Q

Hyperemia

A

Increased blood flow

33
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid (with clotting factors and antibodies) seeps into the tissue from the blood

34
Q

Edema

A

Local swelling

35
Q

4 steps of phagocytic mobilization

A

1)Leukocytosis
2)Margination
3)Diapedesis
4)Chemotaxis

36
Q

Diapedesis

A

Flattening and squeezing of phagocytes into the impacted tissue

37
Q

Chemotactic agents

A

Chemical agents that were released from the site of injury that guide the WBCs

38
Q

Antimicrobial proteins

A

Attack and hinder ability to reproduce of microorganisms; interferons and complement

39
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins secreted from infected cells, that protect uninfected neighboring cells from takeover; molecules then bind to other cells which then block viral reproduction

40
Q

Complement

A

Plasma proteins that normally circulate inactively, when activated they destroy foreign substances and enhance inflammation

41
Q

3 pathways that complement can be activated

A

Classical, lectin and alternative

42
Q

Membrane attack complexes (MACs)

A

Insert on target cell membrane and allow water to enter the cell

43
Q

Antigen

A

Specific foreign substances and mobilize the adaptive defenses; can be complete or incomplete

44
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Antibodies (present in blood/lymph) that mark and inactivate extracellular targets for destruction by phagocytes

45
Q

Cellular immunity

A

Lymphocytes act directly or indirectly against the target cell

46
Q

4 key characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

1)Involves T/B cells
2)Is specific
3)Is systemic
4)Has memory

47
Q

Self-antigens

A

Proteins that cover cells (eg. MHC proteins); lymphocytes are self-tolerant (will not attack its own antigen)

48
Q

Clonal selection

A

Activation of a B/T cell when binding to an antigen

49
Q

Positive selection

A

Recognize MHC

50
Q

Negative selection

A

Do NOT recognize self-antigen bond to MHC

51
Q

3 major types of APCs

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes

52
Q

What signal shows that a B or T cell has achieved immunocompetence?

A

That they have specific antigen receptors on their surface

53
Q

When are B cells activated?

A

When antigens bind to surface receptors, cross-linking them

54
Q

Plasma cells

A

Release antibodies, which bind to free antigens and mark them

55
Q

Memory cells

A

Clone B cells that did not turn into plasma cells; provide immediate response to repeated exposure

56
Q

2 ways to acquire active immunity

A

1)Naturally: Contact with pathogen
2)Artificially: Vaccine

57
Q

2 ways to acquire passive immunity

A

1)Naturally: Passage of mother’s antibodies to a fetus
2)Artificially: Injection of antibody serum

58
Q

How are antibodies created?

A

Through the secretion of plasma cells (B cells)

59
Q

What chains make up an antibody?

A

2 light and 2 heavy chains

60
Q

Regions of the antibody

A

Variable (V) and constant (c)

61
Q

What does the variable region do?

A

Location for antigen binding

62
Q

What does the constant region do?

A

Determine antibodies function

63
Q

5 major antibody classes

A

M, A, D, G, E

64
Q

What are the defense mechanisms that antibodies can initiate to destroy antigens?

A

Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitation & complement activation

65
Q

Neutralization

A

Antibodies block sites on antigens

66
Q

Agglutination

A

As antibodies have 2 antigen binding sites they can clump them together

67
Q

Precipitation

A

Increasing solubility of the antigen so it can phagocytose easier

68
Q

What do CD4 cells become?

A

Helper T cells

69
Q

What do CD8 cells become?

A

Cytotoxic

70
Q

Class I MHC proteins

A

Found in all body cells (except RBCs), signal CD8 cells and bind to endogenous antigens

71
Q

Class II MHC proteins

A

Found in APCs, signal CD4 cells and bind to exogenous antigens

72
Q

2 steps process of activation of T cells

A

1) Antigen binding
2) Binding to co-stimulatory signals

73
Q

Helper T cells

A

When created, they activate and initiate proliferation of both humoral and cellular arms of adaptive immune system

74
Q

Function of cytotoxic cells

A

Directly attack other cells, identifying them using class I MHC and release perforins/granzymes that initiate target cell apoptosis

75
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Dampen immune response, activated by T helper cells (return immune system back to normal, so it isn’t constantly heightened)

Anatomy (6 decks)

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