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Anatomy > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries urine from bladder to exterior of body

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2
Q

Renal hilum

A

Concave cleft for entry/exit from the kidney

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3
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

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4
Q

What separates the renal pyramids?

A

Renal columns of cortical tissue

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5
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Infection/inflammation of the kidney

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6
Q

What are the 5 arteries that enter the kidney?

A

Renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical radiate

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7
Q

What are the 2 cell types of the collecting duct and what is their function?

A

1)Principal cells-salt/water balance
2)Intercalated-acid/base balance (microvilli)

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8
Q

Filtrate

A

Plasma-derived fluid that is created by filtration in the glomerulus

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9
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Parietal and visceral (podocytes)

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10
Q

Collecting ducts

A

Receive filtrate from many nephrons and form minor calyces to deliver urine

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11
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

Cortical (peritubular capillaries) and juxtamedullary (vasa recta)

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12
Q

Where do the afferent arterioles arise from?

A

Cortical radiate arteries

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13
Q

What do the efferent arterioles feed into?

A

Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

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14
Q

Macula densa cells

A

Line the walls of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle, that monitor NaCl content

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15
Q

Granular cells

A

Line the arteriole wall and sense bp

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16
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

Connect the arterioles to the tubule and send signals between them

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17
Q

3 processes for urine formation

A

1)Glomerular filtration
2)Tubular reabsorption (filtrate to blood)
3)Tubular secretion (blood to filtrate)

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18
Q

Filtrate vs urine

A

Filtrate contains everything in blood except proteins, whereas urine is everything unneeded that is excreted

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19
Q

3 parts of the filtration membrane

A

1)Fenestrated glomeruli
2)Basement membrane
3)Podocytes

20
Q

What pressure is in charge of filtration in the glomerulus?

A

Hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries

21
Q

3 regulatory mechanisms on GFR

A

1)Renal autoregulation
2)Neural controls
3)Renin-angiotensin system

22
Q

2 controls of renal autoregulation

A

1)Myogenic
2)Tubuloglomerular feedback

23
Q

Myogenic controls

A

Constriction of arterioles when there is increased bp, so the nephron does not receive high-pressure

24
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Directed by the amount of NaCl in the filtrate; eg. high NaCl=constriction of afferent arteriole (so previous filtrate can be reabsorbed)

25
Q

Renin

A

Release by granular cells to increase BP

26
Q

2 types of tubular reabsorption

A

Transcellular (from apical to basal end of cell) or paracellular (through gap junctions that connect cells)

27
Q

Transport maximum

A

Number of transport proteins able to ferry a particular substance; when saturated, excess is excreted

28
Q

What is a diuretic?

A

Substance that enhances urinary output

29
Q

What is the pigment in urine?

A

Urochrome

30
Q

Micturition

A

Act of emptying the bladder

31
Q

3 things that will allow for micturition

A

1)Contraction of detrusor muscles
2)Opening of internal urethral sphincter
3)Opening of external urethral sphincter

32
Q

Incontinence

A

The inability to control micturition voluntarily

33
Q

Urine retention

A

Inability to expel urine

34
Q

Stress incontinence

A

A sudden increase in abdominal pressure that forces urine through the external urethral sphincter

35
Q

Trigone of the urinary bladder

A

Imaginary lines that connect both openings of the ureters and the urethra

36
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Dialysate is infused into the peritoneal cavity which encourages filtration

37
Q

2 compartments of body fluid

A

Intra- and extra-cellular

38
Q

2 compartments of extracellular fluid

A

Interstitial and plasma

39
Q

Electrolytes

A

Chemical compounds that dissociate into ions (charged particles: conduct electrical current) in water

40
Q

Routes of water output

A

Urination, exhalation, sweat, feces

41
Q

What happens in response to increased plasma osmolality?

A

Thirst and increased ADH

42
Q

What happens in response to decreased plasma osmolality?

A

No thirst and decreased ADH

42
Q

Factors that trigger thirst

A

Increased plasma osmolality and decreased blood volume

43
Q

Edema

A

Increased interstitial fluid volume (tissue swelling)

44
Q

Functions of ANP

A

Inhibit aldosterone and ADH and induces vasodilation

45
Q

Calcitonin

A

Released to decrease blood calcium levels

46
Q

3 targets for PTH to increase calcium levels

A

bone, small intestine, kidneys

Anatomy (6 decks)

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