DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Question 1

consumption of solid or liquid food,
usually through mouth

Answer 1

Ingestion

Question 2

breakdown of large organic molecules
into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
(Chemical & Mechanical Digestion)

Answer 2

Digestion

Question 3

movement of molecules out of the
digestive tract and into the blood.

Answer 3

Absorption

Question 4

removal of undigested material,
such as fiber from food, plus other waste products
from the body as feces

Answer 4

Elimination

Question 5

Two main groups of the digestive system

Answer 5

Alimentary canal – continuous coiled
hollow tube (about 30ft long)

Accessory digestive organs

Question 6

Organs of the Alimentary Canal

Answer 6

Mouth
∙ Pharynx
∙ Esophagus
∙ Stomach
∙ Small intestine
∙ Large intestine
∙ Anus

Question 7

protect
the anterior opening

Answer 7

Lips (labia)

Question 8

form the
lateral walls

Answer 8

Cheeks

Question 9

forms
the anterior roof

Answer 9

Hard palate

Question 10

forms
the posterior roof

Answer 10

Soft palate

Question 11

fleshy
projection of the soft
palate

Answer 11

Uvula

Question 12

space
between lips
externally and teeth
and gums internally

Answer 12

Vestibule

Question 13

area
contained by the
teeth

Answer 13

Oral cavity

Question 14

attached
at hyoid and styloid
processes of the
skull, and by the
lingual frenulum

Answer 14

Tongue

Question 15

2 types of tonsil

Answer 15

Palatins and lingual tonsil

Question 16

The chewing of food

Answer 16

Mastication

Question 17

not part of the
digestive system

Answer 17

Nasopharynx

Question 18

posterior to oral
cavity

Answer 18

Oropharynx

Question 19

below the oropharynx
and connected to
the esophagus

Answer 19

Laryngopharynx

Question 20

Serves as a passageway for air and
food

Answer 20

Pharynx

Question 21

Food is propelled to the esophagus by
two muscle layers

Answer 21

∙Longitudinal inner layer
∙Circular outer layer

Question 22

Runs from pharynx to stomach
through the diaphragm

Answer 22

Esophagus

Question 23

∙Innermost layer
∙Moist membrane
∙Surface epithelium
∙Small amount of
connective tissue
(lamina propria)
∙Small smooth muscle
layer Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as

Answer 23

Mucosa

Question 24

∙Just beneath the mucosa
∙Soft connective tissue with blood
vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics

Answer 24

Submucosa

Question 25

smooth muscle ∙Inner circular layer ∙Outer longitudinal layer

Answer 25

Muscularis externa

Question 26

∙Outermost layer – visceral peritoneum ∙Layer of serous fluid-producing cells

Answer 26

Serosa

Question 27

Acts as a storage tank for food ∙ Site of food breakdown ∙ Chemical breakdown of protein begins ∙ Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity

Answer 27

Stomach

Question 28

Regions of the stomach

Answer 28

∙Cardiac region – near the heart ∙Fundus ∙Body ∙Pylorus – funnel-shaped terminal end

Question 29

internal folds of the mucosa

Answer 29

Rugae

Question 30

The body’s major digestive organ ∙ Site of nutrient absorption into the blood ∙ Muscular tube extending form the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve ∙ About 6 meters (20 feet) long

Answer 30

Small intestine

Question 31

∙Attached to the stomach ∙Curves around the head of the pancreas

Answer 31

Duodenum

Question 32

∙Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum

Answer 32

Jejunum

Question 33

∙Extends from jejunum to large intestine

Answer 33

Illeum

Question 34

Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa ∙ Give the small intestine more surface area

Answer 34

Villi of small intestines

Question 35

Small projections of the plasma membrane ∙ Found on absorptive cells

Answer 35

Microvilli

Question 36

Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa ∙ Do not disappear when filled with food ∙ The submucosa has Peyer’s patches (collections of lymphatic tissue)

Answer 36

Circular folds/Plicae circulares

Question 37

Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine ∙ Frames the internal abdomen

Answer 37

Large intestine

Question 38

saclike first part of the large intestine

Answer 38

Cecum

Question 39

∙Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis) ∙Hangs from the cecum

Answer 39

Appendix

Question 40

external body opening

Answer 40

Anus

Question 41

Accessory Digestive Organs

Answer 41

Salivary glands ∙ Teeth ∙ Pancreas ∙ Liver ∙ Gall bladder

Question 42

Mixture of mucus and serous fluids ∙ Helps to form a food bolus ∙ Contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion ∙ Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

Answer 42

Saliva

Question 43

The role is to masticate (chew) food ∙ Humans have two sets of teeth ∙Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth ∙20 teeth are fully formed by age two

Answer 43

Teeth

Question 44

Classification of Teeth

Answer 44

Incisors ∙ Canines ∙ Premolars ∙ Molars

Question 45

exposed part ∙Outer enamel ∙ Dentin ∙Pulp cavity

Answer 45

Crown

Question 46

Region in contact with the gum ∙ Connects crown to root

Answer 46

Neck

Question 47

∙Periodontal membrane attached to the bone ∙Root canal carrying blood vessels and nerves

Answer 47

Root

Question 48

Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food

Answer 48

Pancreas

Question 49

Endocrine products of pancreas

Answer 49

Insulin and glucagons

Question 50

Largest gland in the body ∙ Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm

Answer 50

Liver

Question 51

Produced by cells in the liver ∙ About 600-1000 mL is produced per day ∙ Composition ∙ Bile salts ∙ Bile pigment (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin) ∙ Cholesterol ∙ Phospholipids ∙ Electrolytes

Answer 51

Bile

Question 52

Sac found in hollow fossa of liver ∙ Stores bile from the liver by way of the cystic duct (45ml) ∙ Bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence of fatty food ∙ Gallstones can cause blockages

Answer 52

Gallbladder

Question 53

moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another

Answer 53

Propulsion

Question 54

alternating waves of contraction

Answer 54

Peristalsis

Question 55

moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing

Answer 55

Segmentation

Question 56

∙Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue ∙Churning of food in the stomach ∙Segmentation in the small intestine

Answer 56

Mechanical digestion

Question 57

∙Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks ∙Each major food group uses different enzymes

Answer 57

Chemical digestion

Question 58

∙End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph ∙Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries

Answer 58

Absorption

Question 59

∙Elimination of indigestible substances as feces

Answer 59

Defecation

Question 60

∙Food is physically broken down by chewing

Answer 60

Mechanical breakdown

Question 61

∙Food is mixed with saliva ∙Breaking of starch into maltose by salivary amylase

Answer 61

Chemical breakdown

Question 62

∙Involuntary transport of the bolus ∙All passageways except to the stomach are blocked ∙Tongue blocks off the mouth ∙Soft palate (uvula) blocks the nasopharynx ∙Epiglottis blocks the larynx

Answer 62

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

Question 63

an active protein digesting enzyme

Answer 63

Pepsin

Question 64

works on digesting milk protein

Answer 64

Rennin

Question 65

2 Local hormones

Answer 65

∙Secretin ∙Cholecystokinin

Question 66

Chemical reactions necessary to maintain life

Answer 66

Metabolism

Question 67

substances are broken down to simpler substances (Ex. Glycolysis)

Answer 67

Catabolism

Question 68

larger molecules are built from smaller ones (Ex. Bone Development)

Answer 68

Anabolism