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Anatomy And Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the digestive system?

A

1)digestive tract

2)accessory organs

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2
Q

What is the GI tract divided into?

A

Alimentary canal
- mouth
-stomach
-small intestine
-esophagus

Accessory digestive organs
-teeth
-tongue
-saliva glands
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas

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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of the GI tract?

A

1) digestion
2) movement-mechanical
3) secretion-chemicals
4)absorption
5)storage and elimination

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4
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

Innermost layer, contains epithelial cells important in lubrication and absorption

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5
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

This layer contains the puppet network of blood vessels and immune cells to keep the mucosa healthy in addition to attaching it to the muscular layers below

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6
Q

What is the muscularis externia?

A

The muscles necessary for peristalsis are contained in this layer

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7
Q

What is the serosa?

A

The outermost layer which allows the GIT to interact with other tissues around it

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8
Q

What is ingestion in the GI tract?

A

Taking foot into the mouth

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9
Q

What is mastication in the GI tract?

A

Chewing the food and mixing it with saliva

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10
Q

What is deglutition in the GI tract?

A

Swallowing the food

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11
Q

What is peristalsis in the GI tract?

A

Rhythmic wave-like contractions that move food through GI tract

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12
Q

What is the processes of gut movement?

A

1) a rhythmic wave like contraction of smooth muscle of the tract moves a bolus downstream

2) transport of food produced by a series of localised reflexes in response to distention of wall by bolus

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13
Q

What is the function of wave-like contractions?

A

Circular smooth muscle contract behind, relaxes in front of the bolus

Followed by longitudinal contraction (shortening) of smooth muscle

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14
Q

What is the function of reverse peristalsis?

A

Vomiting, caused a bolus to move in the opposite direction

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15
Q

What are the two types of secretions in the GI tract?

A

-exocrine

-endocrine

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16
Q

Describe exocrine secretion;

A

HCL, lipase, bike, amylase are all secreted into the lumen of the GI tract

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17
Q

Describe endocrine secretion;

A

Stomach and small intestine secrete hormones to help regulate the GI system

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18
Q

What causes autolysis ( self digestion)

A

Enzymes that are synthesised as inactive precursors as producing a digestive enzyme

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19
Q

What are the two types of regulation in the GI tract?

A

Nervous regulation

Chemical regulation

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20
Q

What are two types of nervous regulation?

A

Extrinsic innervation

Enteric nervous system

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21
Q

Describe the extrinsic innervation

A

-parasympathetic nervous system-> stimulates motility

-sympathetic nervous system-> reduces peristalsis & secretory activity

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22
Q

Describe enteric nervous system;

A

-submucosal regulation and myenteric plexus -> local regulation of the GI tract

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23
Q

Describe hormonal secretion;

A

secreted by the mucosa

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24
Q

Outline the two types of chemical regulation:

A
  • hormonal secretion
  • production of paracrine chemicals
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25
Q

Describe the production of paracrine chemicals

A
  • messengers diffuse to nearby target cells
  • molecules acting locally
  • histamine
  • help local reflexes in ENS control digestive environments as pH levels
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26
Q

What is the visceral?

A

Covers the organs

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27
Q

What is the parietal?

A

Covers the interior surface of the bodys wall

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28
Q

What is the retroperitoneal?

A

Behind peritoneum as kidneys

29
Q

What are the mesenteries?

A

Routes which vessels and nerves pass from body wall to organs

30
Q

Describe the greater omentum;

A

Apron-like structure that lies superficial to the small intestine and transverse colon; a site of fat deposition in people who are overweight

31
Q

What is the job of the lesser omentum?

A

Suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver, provides a pathway for structures connecting to the liver

32
Q

What are 4 functions of the oral cavity?

A

1) cleansing of mouth (prevents bacterial infection)

2) lubrication, mucus-> aids in swallowing

3) facilitation of taste

4) aids in speech

33
Q

What 3 pairs make up the salivary gland?

A

Parotid (25%)

Submandibular (70%)

Sublingual (5%)

34
Q

What are the 3 phases in the pharynx?

A

•voluntary

•pharyngeal ( involuntary stage)

• oesophageal (involuntary stage)

35
Q

What is the job of the oesophagus?

A

Muscular tube that moves food to the stomach with no absorption

36
Q

What are the 3 major layers of the osephagus?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular

37
Q

Outline the regions of the stomach

A

Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Antrum

38
Q

Recall the 4 layers of the stomach

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscular , serosa

39
Q

What is Rugae?

A

Folds in the stomach lining to increase surface area with the lumen

40
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Openings for gastric glands

41
Q

Outline the names of the 3 phases of gastric acid secretion and regulation;

A
  • cephalic phase
  • gastric phase
  • intestinal phase
42
Q

Outline the stimuli, pathway and effect of the cephalic phase;

A

Stimuli: smell,taste ,sight, chewing

Pathway: parasympathetic nerves

Effect: increased HCL secretion

43
Q

Outline the stimuli, pathway and effect of the gastric phase;

A

Stimuli: distension

Pathway: gastrin, long, short neutral reflexes

Effect: increased HCL secretion

44
Q

Outline the stimuli, pathway and effect of the intestinal phase;

A

Stimuli: distension, pH, osmoregularity

Pathway: secretin, long,short neutral reflexes

Effect: decreased HCL secretion

45
Q

What is the rhythm of peristalsis controlled by in the stomach?

A

Pacemaker cells in longitudinal muscle layer

46
Q

What valve connects the ileum and colon in the small intestines?

A

Ileocecal valve

47
Q

What are the 4 layers of the small intestine?

A

Plicae circulares

Intestinal Villi

Microvilli

Lacteal

48
Q

What is the job of microvilli in the small intestine?

A

Contain brush border enzymes that are not secreted into the lumen. Each epithelial cell can have as much as 1000 microvilli

49
Q

What is the job of intestinal stem cells?

A

Replace lost or damaged intestinal cells

50
Q

What is the job of paneth cells?

A

Involves in intestinal defense

51
Q

What is the job of transmit amplifying cells?

A

Intermediates between stem cells and enterocytes

52
Q

What is the job of the goblet cells?

A

Produce lubricating mucus

53
Q

What is the job of enteroendocrine cells?

A

Secrete hormones

54
Q

What is the job of enterocytes?

A

Absorb nutrients

55
Q

What does mucus do?

A

Protects against digestive enzymes and stomach acids

56
Q

Name 3 digestive enzymes in the small intestine secretions

A

1)disaccharides- break themselves down

2)peptidases- hydrolyse peptide bonds

3)nucleases- break down nucleic acids

57
Q

What are duodenal glands stimulated by?

A

Vagus nerve, secretin, chemical or tactile irritation of duodenal mucosa

58
Q

What is the purpose of segmentation?

A

Is to mix and churn not to move material along as in peristalsis

59
Q

Outline the steps of intestinal motility;

A

1- mixes chyme, with intestinal juice, bile & pancreatic juice
2- churns chyme to increase contact with mucosa for absorption and digestion
3- moves residue towards large intestine
• peristaltic waves begin to duodenum but each moves further down
4- food in stomach causes gastroileal reflex

60
Q

What does the upper gastrointestinal tract consist of?

A
  • mouth, osephagus, stomach
61
Q

The lower gastrointestinal tract consists of;

A

He large intestine, rectum, colon, anus

62
Q

Describe the vermiform appendix;

A

-work like sac
-vestigial structure
-appendicitis

63
Q

Outline the importances of the pancreas:

A
  • inactivates Pepsin
  • prevents acid-pepsin damage to duodenal mucosa
  • provides functional pH bf brush border enzymes
  • increases the soluability of bile acids and fatty acids
64
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Referred to almost as two tissues combined in a single organ; the exocrine pancreas and the endocrine pancreas

65
Q

What is the function of pancreatic juice?

A

Complete digestion of food requires action of both pancreatic and brush border enzymes

66
Q

What is the function of trypsin when activated by enterokinase?

A

Triggers the activation of other pancreatic enzymes

67
Q

Outline 6 functions of the liver;

A

1 bile production
2 storage
3 nutrient interconvension
4 detoxification
5 phagocytosis
6 synthesis

68
Q

Describe the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions to bile salts;

A

Hydrophobic- allow them to interact with the fat droplets

Hydrophilic- allow them to interact with the medium around them

Anatomy And Physiology (21 decks)

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