Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three digestive processes
A
Physical, Chemical, Absorption
2
Q
What is chemical digestion
A
Breakdown of smaller units for absorbable oracnutrients
3
Q
What does breaking apart large particles into smaller units do
A
Increases surface area
4
Q
What is sucrose broken down by
A
Sucrase
5
Q
What is intracellular digestion
A
Food is broken down by enzymes inside the cell
6
Q
What is extracellular digestion
A
Enzymes break down food then it is absorbed by cell
7
Q
What happens in absorption
A
Micro molecules are absorbed out of digestive tract into blood then into cells
8
Q
Most important stage of digestion is
A
Absorbtion
9
Q
Where does digestion take place
A
Alimentary canal (digestive tract)
10
Q
What does the upper alimentary canal contain
A
Mouth, esophagus and stomach
11
Q
What does the lower alimentary canal contain
A
Small intestine, large intestine (colon), liver and pancreas (glands)
12
Q
How many teeth do we have
A
32
13
Q
What does chewing food do
A
Reduce size and increase surface area
14
Q
What does the tongue do
A
Positions food and pushes it back. Also has tastebuds
15
Q
What is saliva made out of
A
Mucous and amylase (breaks down starch)
16
Q
What is the mixture of food and saliva called
A
Bolus
17
Q
What are the three Salivary glands
A
Sublingual gland, Submandibular gland, Parotid Gland
18
Q
What is the hard pallete
A
THR roof of the mouth where tounge lays against
19
Q
Steps to swallowing
A
- position food in a way so it doesn’t fall out and it goes into throat
- tounge pushes food back, uvula flips up to close nasal cavity,
- Epiglottis closes over trachea (Larynx tips over eppliglotis) Bolus is now in esophagus
20
Q
What is the connection between mouth and stomach
A
Pharynx
21
Q
What is the esophagus lined with and what is it’s durability
A
Mucus, very flexible
22
Q
What two muscles are in the esophagus
A
Circular and longitudinal
23
Q
What is peristalsis
A
Movements down esophagus that involuntary happens
24
Q
What is the G.I
A
Gastrointestinal tract
25
What are the three functions of the stomach
Food storage, churning, chemical digestion of protiens
26
What are sphincters
Thick ring of circular muscle that acts like a Valve
27
What goes on behind and infront of Bolus
Behind: circular muscles contact, longitudinal muscles relax
Infront: Circular muscles relax, longitudinal muscles contract
28
What is the two types of sphincters
Cardiac, Pyloric
29
Where is the cardiac sphincter
Junction of esophagus and stomach
30
What is Pyloric sphincter
Junction of stomach and small intestine
31
What are the three layers of muscle in a stomach
Longitudinal, Circulsr, diagonal (oblique)
32
How do the layers of stomach skin help with digestion
Churning
33
What is the stomach lining called
Rugae
34
What does rugae help the stomach do
Stretch and contract itself
35
How does gastric juices get made
The millions of cells on the stomach lining secreted several juices that help digestion
36
How is gastric juices released
Hormone gastrin is released when there is a presence of food that stimulates cells to release gastrin into blood to release gastric fluids
37
What is the gastric juices chemistry name
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
38
What does HCL do regarding pepsin
Coverts inactive pepsiogen into active pepsin
39
What does pepsin do
Digests protein in the stomach
40
What does pepsin do to chains in protiens
Breaks long amino acid chains in protein into shorter chains called polypeptides
41
What is chyme
Gastric juices and partially digested food
42
Where does most digestion occur
Lower alimentary canal (small intestine)
43
Small intestine measurements
7 m long 2.5cm wide
44
What is the small intestines majour function
Absorb micro molecules into circulatory system
45
What is the three parts of small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Illeum
46
What is duodenum
After stomach, the first 30 cm where most digestion happens
47
What is the Jejunum
2.5m long where digestion continues
48
What is the ileum
3m Long where most absorption occurs
49
What is found on the surface area of small intestine
Villi and micro villi
50
How much does villi increase the surface area by
10 times
51
How much does microvilli increase surface area by
20 times
52
What is the singular term for villi
Villus
53
How does villi pick up nutrients
The capillary network inside blood by diffusion
54
What is a lacteal
Found inside a villus like a bone, it absorbs fat from lumen (the hole) of small intestine connecting to lymph system
55
what hormone does chyme release
he chyme causes hormone secretin enter blood from small intestine and circulate pancreas
56
What does the presence of chyme release
Hormone secretin into the blood
57
What is secretin
Hormone that stimulates pancreas to produce and secrete pancreas juices that break down lipids protiens and carbs
58
What do pancreatic juices break down
Lipids, protiens and carbs
59
What acid does pancreatic juices contain
HCL3 (bicarbonate)
60
What is the role of bio carbonate ions
Neutralizes HCL from stomach to protect the duodenum
Creates conditions where enzymes in pancreatic juices work the best
61
What is the pH of chyme before and after release of HCL3
Before = 1
After= 8
62
What digests protein in the small intestine
Trypsin
63
How does trypsin work in the small intestine
Inactive tryspinogen released from pancreas, when reached the small intestine, enterkinase enzyme converts tryspinogen into tryspin
64
What enzyme converts trypsinogen into tryspin
Enterokinase
65
How does tryspin break down
The protease acts on partially digested protiens (breaks down long chained peptides into protiens). The erepsins released from pancreas to complete protein digestion to break bonds between short chain peptides and releases individual amino acids.
66
How do carbs break down in small intestine
Pancreas releases amylase enzymes and continue digestion that began in the mouth. Carbs break into disaccharides and the small intestine releases that. (Completes digestion of carbs)
67
What is disaccharide a mix of
Maltese, lactase and sucrase (2 ring sugar molecules)
68
How are lipids digested in the stomach
Lipases are relaxed from pancreas to break down fats
69
What are the two types of lipase
Pancreatic lipase (most common): breaks fat into fatty acids
Phospholipase acts on phospholipids
70
What is the largest glandular in the body
Liver
71
What is the colour of a liver
Brown
72
What is the liver divided into
Four lobes of unequal size and shape
73
Where does the liver sit
Right side of abdominal cavity beneath diaphragm
74
What is the function of the liver
Produces bile thar has bile salts that speeds up fat digestion
75
Is bile salts physical or chemical digestion
Physical
76
How much bile does a human create per day
500mL
77
Where is bike stored when stomach is empty
Gallbladder
78
What is the gallbladder and size
Approximately 7-10cm long and 2-3cm wife, stores and concentrates Bile
79
What is cholecystokinin (CCK)
Hormone released when fat enter duodenum and stimulates it release. It’s carried by bloodstream to gallbladder. CCK releases bile salts from gallbladder
80
What is the pancreas
Gland that lies OM first loop of small intestine, 20 cm long
81
Wha it’s the function of the pancreas
Regulates blood sugar by lowering blood sugar with insulin and raising it using glucagon
It also produces pancreatic juices
82
What enzymes does the pancreatic juices have
Amaylase, tryspin, lipase, erepsin, bicarbonate
83
What are digestive enzymes
Protects that change shape and structure due to high temperatures or pH
84
What does denatured mean
Protein properties change and is no longer sctive
85
What factors effect enzymes
Temperature and pH
86
What happens to enzymes and temperature increases
Energy is added and enzyme activity is increased
87
Best pH ranges for pepsin
Low
88
Best pan for amylase
neutral
89
Best pan for tryspin
Basic
90
Where does good go after duodenum into jeujenum
Ileum
91
What happens in ileum
Simp,s sugars and animal acids mice across villi into blood capillaries then into liver to remove access. Storied fatty acids and glycerol passes into intestine cells where they turn into trigcerides
92
What takes in triglycerides
Lacteals inside villi then bypasses liver
93
3 parts of large intestine
Ascending, transverse, decending
94
What happens in large intestine
Chemical digestion is completed and the. Olson best store wastes enough to absorb water out of waste. Inorganic salts minerals and vitamins absorbed into cells and transported to blood
95
What is osmosis
Water fills up anything with higher concentration
96
Formal word for shitting
Egestion
97
How does feces help the body
Has bacteria that contains vitamin K that clots blood
98
Where are feces storef
Rectum
99
What is appendix
No function, maybe used in passed. Plant eating animals have it to absorb cellulose
100
What is appendicitis
Bacteria logged with food causing it to become infected and painful
101
What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Group of diseases causing implantation and can only be treated with a special diet and medication
102
Two types of IBD
Crohns and ulcerative
103
What is crohns
Affects alimentary channel and the person doesn’t grow properly during puberty
104
What is ulcerative colitis
Attacks colon and bloody shut happens. Cramping and abdominal pain. Severe cases affected part is removed and creates a new poop hole
105
What is hepatitis
Inflammation of liver
106
Hepatitis A comes from
Contaminated water
107
Hepatitis B comes from
Sex but there is a vaccine
108
Hepatitis C comes from
Infected blood, no vaccine
109
What is cirrhosis
Scar issue replaced healthy issue and prevents liver to function. It can heal but not fast enough to prevent liver failure
110
What is cirrhosis caused by
Alcohol and hepatitis C
111
Early signs of cirrhosis
Blood tests and fatty livef
112
What is diabesties
Body cannot absorb glucose to produce energy for muscles and tissues. Insulin should be released from pancreas after person has eaten
113
Three types of diabesties
Type 1 type 2 gestational
114
Type one diabesties is
Islulin production cells are destoryed by immune system. Common in kids
115
Type two diabesties is
Not enough insulin production or when insulin isn’t used properly. Around 40yo
116
What is Gestational diabesties
Mommy
117
Treatment for diabesties
Metformin, human made insulin or used to use insulin from pigs and cattle
118
What is peptic ulcer
Sore lining of stomach (duodenum where HCL and pepsin is found) stomach tissues are weak and bacteria starts to life here. Antibiotics relieves pain
119
Costipation
3 bowel movement per week, mucle and nerves are weak, laxatives help
120
Gallstone
Small hard masses in liver that are made form chokestoral crystals. Cured by medicine and ultrasound waves
121
Endoscope is what and what is it used for
Camera that goes into oral cavity into alimaey canal to visualize it. Used to diagnose and treat ulcer and Tumors
122
What’s re the two types of molecules
Macro and micro molecules
123
What are the four macro molecules
Carbs, lipids, protiens, nucleic acid
124
Why are Macro molecules essential
Molecules that the body cannot produce, must consume and fuels metabolism
125
What are carbs
Energy molecules, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, (1:2:1 C:H:O)
126
What are carbs molecule structure
Signal molecule structure (monosaccrides) or chains with many sugar molecules (polysaccharides)
127
What three things does carbs come from
Sugar, starch, fibre
128
Glucose elemental pattern
C6H12C6
129
What are lipids
Fatty stuff, hydrophobic
130
What are protiens
Amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
131
How many a uno acids in a body
20, 9 essential that the body cannot produce
132
What is nucelic acid
DNA or RNA made of nucleotides
133
What is hydrolysis
Chemical react jin where water breaks macro molecules into micro molecules
134
What are enzymes
Returns that help speed up process of digestion and reactions
135
What do carbs digest into
Monosaccharides
136
What do lipids digest into
Glycerol and fatty acids
137
What do protiens digest into
Amino acids
138
What do nucleic acids digest into
Nucleotides
139
What are minreals
Inorganic substances that made chemical reactions and help with tissue development and immunity
140
What are vitamins
Aid in proper metabolic function. Must be consumed
141
How much water is there in the body
2/3
142
What does water do
Transport nutrients, flushes toxins, lubricator, form body fluids, sweat to regulate temperature, eliminate waste
143
where do carbs digest
mouth and small intestines
144
what carbs digest in mouth
polysaccharides, salivary amylase, disaccharides
145
what carbs digest in small intestine
polysaccharides and disaccharides turn into pancreatic amylase, sucrose, maltose, lactase then turn into monosaccharides
146
where are protiens digested
stomach and small intestine
147
how is protein digested in stomach
protiens turn into pepsin that turn into polypeptides
148
how do protiens digest in small intestine
smaller peptides into tryspin turn into peptides turn into peptidases turn into amino acids
149
where is fat and nucleic acid digested
small intestine
150
how is fat digested in small intestine
fat droplets turn into bile then turn emulsified then turn into lipases then turn into glycerol and fatty acids
151
how is mycelia acid digested in small intestine
DNA and RNA turn into nucleases then neucleotides then nucleosidases then nitrogen containing base, sugar and phosphates
152
what does salivary amalayze digest and turns into
starch and glycogen turning into maltose
153
what does pancreatic amalase digest
starch and glycogen turning into maltose
154
what does sucrose digest into
glucose fructose
