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bio unit 2 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Define Nutrition

A

The process of obtaining and using nutrients from food for growth, metabolism, and repair

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2
Q

Define Catabolism

A

The metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller subunits.

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3
Q

Define Anabolism

A

the metabolic reactions that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller subunits

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4
Q

Define Metabolism

A

the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life

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5
Q

Define BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)

A

The minimum amount of energy your body needs to perform basic life functions while at rest.

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6
Q

Define Calorie (lowercase c)

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 celsius.

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7
Q

Define Kilocalorie (KJ, calorie with capital C):

A

1 calorie (kj) = 1000 calorie (J)

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8
Q

Define Joule

A

The metric unit for measuring energy.

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9
Q

What are Carbohydrates, what are they made up of and what is there purpose

A

Main source of energy, made up of: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They produce glucose, which allows it to be sufficient energy for the brain.

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10
Q

Define Proteins and state what they are made up of

A

key building blocks of cells and perform a wide range of functions (structural, enzyme, hormones). Made up of smaller molecules called amino acids.

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11
Q

How many amino acids do our bodies make on their own? what happens to the others if there are?

A

We have 20 in our bodies, but only 12 can be in the body; the other 8 have to be gained through food sources.

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12
Q

Define Amino acids

A

Smaller molecules that make up proteins.

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13
Q

How do we get the 8 essential amino acids

A

the special 8 amino acids that are only obtainable from food sources.

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14
Q

Define Lipids, what is the purpose of them and what forms do they have

A

a key source of energy that helps insulate our body (keeping it warm) and absorb vitamins. They include saturated and unsaturated fats

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15
Q

Describe saturated fats

A

Saturated fats are solid at room temperature

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16
Q

Describe unsaturated fats

A

unsaturated fats are oils and are liquid at room temperature

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17
Q

Why do we need water?

A

water is necessary for chemical reactions, digestion of food, and elimination of waste products.

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18
Q

Why do we need vitamins? What vitamins are soluble in fat and which ones are soluble in water?

A

They are essential Nutrients that are needed in small amounts. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are soluble in fat, and Vitamins B and C are soluble in water.

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19
Q

Why do we need minerals? What are examples of needed minerals?

A

They are elements that are required for the body that help cells process and repair (Exp, Iron, Calcium, and Magnesium).

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the mouth and what type of digestion is it

A

It is where we chew our food, food gets physically broken down by our teeth. Our mouth is a type of mechanical digestion.

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21
Q

Describe Mechanical digestion

A

physically breaking down food into smaller pieces/particles.

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22
Q

What is the purpose of having Salivary Glands in our mouths

A

Salivary glands will secrete saliva once food is detected in the mouth.

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23
Q

What is Saliva exactly? What is saliva triggered by?

A

a substance that contains water, mucus, and enzymes.

saliva is triggered by the sight or smell of your food

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24
Q

What exactly are Enzymes?

A

Proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions.

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25
What is Amylase and how does it relate to the digestive system (any forms of digestions wink wink)
a type of Enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller disaccharides it is a form of chemical digestion
26
Define Chemical digestion
Uses specific enzymes to break down nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into smaller molecular components.
27
What is a Bolus? How does it relate to the digestive system?
After food has been chewed and mixed with saliva in the mouth, it turns into a bolus (ball of food). After it is create the tongue pushes it to the back of the mouth to swallow it.
28
What is the purpose of the Pharynx & soft palate?
When the food is swallowed into the pharynx, the soft palate is raised to block food from entering the nasal passages.
29
What is the purpose of the Larynx & epiglottis?
At the same time as the pharynx & soft palate, the larynx is raised against the epiglottis to cover the trachea, which prevents food from entering the lungs
30
What is the purpose of the esophagus and what does it do?
After food enters the esophagus. The food stretches the walls of the esophagus undergoing peristalsis.
31
What exactly is Peristalsis
Smooth muscles undergo rhythmic, wave-like contractions to move the food down the esophagus and into the stomach
32
What is the movement of food in the stomach controlled by?
it is controlled by a circular muscle tube called sphincters
33
What happens when sphincters are relaxed and contracted
When relaxed, the gastroesophageal sphincter allows the food to enter the stomach. When contracted, it stops the food from getting into the esophagus
34
What are the layers of the stomach in order
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
35
What happens in the layer of the Mucosa
innermost layer, folded, secretes gastric juices (digestive enzymes, acid, mucus) Epithelial cells divide rapidly.
36
What is the submucosa layer and what happens in it
connective tissues that contain nerves and blood vessels detects when the food is present which then causes it to produce gastrin.
37
What is the purpose of Gastrin
produces gastric juices that protect the stomach lining and contains hydrogen chloric acid and pepsinogen
38
What happens in the Muscularis layer
muscle layer that contracts to mix the food and gastric juices to produce a semi-liquid called chyme.
39
What happens in the Serosa layer
Outermost layer, smooth, holds the stomach in place, and secretes lubricating fluid that gets rid of friction between the organs.
40
What is Stomach acid and what does it do
very acidic (pH of 2-3) kills harmful microorganisms found in food stops production of amylase provides necessary pH to activate digestive enzymes
41
What is Pepsin and what makes up pepsin?
active form that breaks down proteins into separate amino acids Pepsinogen + Hydrochloric Acid --> Pepsin
42
What is the purpose of the Pyloric Sphincter and where is it located
When exits the stomach it goes through this. relaxes to release small portions of chyme (preventing overloading and allowing time for digestion)
43
What are the features of the small intestine and what is the use it
long tube that is 7m in length and 2.5 cm in diameter majority of digestion and absorption happens (chemical digestion lipids, remaining proteins, carbohydrates)
44
Define Villi and where is it located
the inner layer of the small intestine is covered in villi. Small finger-like projections that maximize the surface area to absorb nutrients efficiently.
45
Define Microvilli
Within each epithelial cell of the villi, it has even smaller projections of the cell membrane called the microvilli. They can further increase the surface area that is able for absorption
46
What are Capillaries and where are the found in
Found in all villus networks; they are tiny blood vessels. These vessels allow all nutrients besides digested fats to enter the bloodstream.
47
Where do fats that are too big get digested
Fats are too big for capillaries, so they move through the lymphatic system, then into the bloodstream.
48
What are the parts of the small intestine in order
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
49
What happens in the duodenum
first 25-30cm, where most enzymes are added, digestion in the small intestine begins.
50
what happens in the jejunum
Digestion continues; some nutrients are absorbed.
51
what happens in the Ilenum
where the majority of the nutrients are absorbed.
52
What does Prosecretin do?
When chyme (partly digested food [pH 2.5]) enters the small intestines, it mixes with prosecretin made in the small intestine. Once it’s mixed, it creates Secretin
53
What does secretin do?
It prevents food from entering the duodenum until some food is digested deeper into the small intestine. It stimulates the liver to make bile. It also stimulates the pancreas to secrete lipid and protein enzymes and to release bicarbonate ions (HCO3) to raise the pH of the chyme from 2.5 to 9 to deactivate pepsin and protect the small intestine from the very acidic stomach acid.
54
What is Emulsification
The process of breaking fats into tiny droplets (performed by bile)
55
chyme (recall: food and stomach acid) + prosecretin (protein) -> secretin (hormone) -> ?
bile, enzymes, basic pH
56
What is the purpose of lipid digestion
The Liver produces bile that is stored in the gallbladder, fat in the duodenum triggers the release of bile production through the bile duct
57
What does the bile do
breaks up the fat into smaller pieces, causing lipase (enzyme secreted from pancreas) to break down lipid chains into its fatty acid molecules.
58
what are lipase
enzyme secreted by the pancreas to break down lipids
59
what is cck and what does it do
As chyme enters the duodenum, it releases a hormone called CCK in the bloodstream, which signals the pancreas to secrete different substances through the pancreatic duct. CCK also slows down digestion. Chyme (small intestine) → CCK (duodenum) → many types of secretions (pancreas)
60
How are carbs and proteins broken down in the small intestine
Since the pH is no longer acidic, the pancreas can secrete pancreatic amylase in the duodenum, which resumes the digestion of carbohydrates.
61
What does the Trypsinogen, enterokinase, trypsin do
Pancreas releases trypsinogen (inactive) within duodenum the enzyme enterokinase turns into trypsin (now active enzyme), allowing proteins to break down into smaller pieces Trypsinogen (inactive from pancreas) → enterokinase (enzyme located in duodenum) → trypsin (active and digests proteins)
62
What is absorbed in the small intestine
Vitamins, minerals, and water are all absorbed through the small intestine from passive and active transport
63
What is passive transport
movement of materials through a cell membrane without any forms of energy in the cell (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion)
64
What is diffusion
higher concentration to an area of a lower concentration
65
What is osmosis
diffusion of water molecules across selectively permeable membrane (higher concentration to an area of lower concentration)
66
What is Facilitated diffusion
diffusion of molecules through the membrane through the transport of proteins in the cell membrane/ Transport proteins are unique in size and shape, which allows only a certain amount of substances to pass (they increase the rate of diffusion)
67
What are transport proteins
Specialized proteins in cell membranes that allow specific substances to pass through.
68
What is active transport
It occurs when materials get moved around the cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration by the energy provided.
69
what does active transport allow?
Active transport allows for the transport of molecules that are too large to diffuse through cell membranes or contain a strong or uneven electrical charge preventing diffusion
70
What is the large intestine
1.5 m in length as it is shorter than the small intestine it has a larger diameter, which is 7.6 cm in diameter (giving it the name of the large intestine)
71
What is the result of Large Intestine Digestion
Most of the absorption is completed before it reaches the large intestine, but things such as cellulose, which can not be broken down by humans, are expelled.
72
What are the parts of the large instestine
Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anus
73
what does the cecum do
where it receives processed material from the small intestine
74
what does the colon do
Water Is being absorbed from osmosis as well as vitamins and minerals (vitamins B and K and minerals sodium and chloride)
75
what does the rectum do
The last 20 cm of the large intestine is, and is where all of the waste products get held.
76
what does the anus do
The waste products get eliminated through the external opening
77
What is egestion
Final stage where the removal of waste food materials in the body, absorption of water located in the large intestine changes from a liquid in the colon to a soft solid called feces, the nerves in the walls of the large intestine detect the movement of the feces into the rectum causing a defecation reflex leading into a bowel movement.
78
what is concentration gradient
The difference in concentration of a substance across a space or membrane.
79
what is constipation
A condition where feces become too firm due to insufficient water absorption in the colon.
80
what is diarrhea
A condition where feces become too watery due to excessive water

bio unit 2 (3 decks)

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