Digestive system

Question 1

lips muscle nerve artery

Answer 1

orbicularis oris
facial nerve CN VII
facial artery

Question 2

oral cavity components

Answer 2

hard palate (bone, anterior), soft palate (muscle, posterior), tongue teeth salivary glands

Question 3

how many teeth location and what its made of

Answer 3

dentin covered by enamel
maxilla and mandible
20 dedicious teeth in babies, 32 permanent teeth

Question 4

tongue parts texture and innervation

Answer 4

anterior: oral ectoderm, smoother, facial nerve
posterior: foregut ectoderm, lumpier, taste by glossopharyngeal nerve

general touch by trigeminal nerve

Question 5

composition of taste buds

Answer 5

50 to 100 cells, 50% gustatory, 50% stem cells

Question 6

tongue muscles and innervation

Answer 6

4 intrinsic starts and ends in tongue, changes shape
4 extrinsic starts or ends in tongue and somewhere else, eg genioglossus

innervated by hypoglossal nerve

Question 7

salivary gland innervation and contribution to saliva

Answer 7

parotid: 30%, serous only, glossopharyngeal
sublingual: 5%, more mucous than serous, facial
submandibular: 70% more serous than mucous, facial

Question 8

pharynx muscles and innervation

Answer 8

3 pairs of constrictors, superior, middle, inferior, vagus nerve

Question 9

oeosophagus

Answer 9

skeletal to smooth muscle
circular and longitudinal layer for peristalsis

Question 9

stomach description

Answer 9

fundus –> cardia –> body –> pylorus
cardiac and pyloric sphincter
rugae (gastric folds) allow extension of stomach

Question 10

peritoneum and mesentery relationship

Answer 10

peritoneum: type of serous membrane that lines abdominopelvic cavity, both visceral and parietal
mesentery: folds of peritoneum that anchor organs to the posterior abdominal wall, provides space for blood vessels and cavities

Question 11

retroperitoneal organs

Answer 11

adrenal glands
aorta and inferior vena cava
duodenum
pancreas
ureters
colon (ascending and descending)
kidneys
eosophagus
rectum

Question 12

GI tract (tube) structure from deep to superficial

Answer 12

mucosa: secretes mucus
submucosa: CT containing nerves blood vessels
muscularis externa: 2/3 layers for movement and secretion
serosa: CT

Question 13

small intestines folding

Answer 13

circular folds containing villi and microvilli to increase surface area to volume ratio

Question 14

duodenum structure and function

Answer 14

C shaped, 25cm long, encases head of pancreas
contains brunners glands that secrete alkaline-based mucus
receives secretions from pancreas and gall bladder through major duodenal papilla

Question 15

jejunum and illeum position and general structure

Answer 15

jejunum: upper left quadrant
illeum: lower right quadrant
gradual decrease in diameter, thickness of intestinal wall, number of circular folds, villi

Question 16

colon overall structure

Answer 16

ileocecal junction, caecum and appendix, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid flexure, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

Question 17

teniae coli, haustra, omental appendices

Answer 17

teniae coli: longitudinal smooth muscle that contract to form haustra
haustra: sacs forming colon
omental appendices: lobules of fat

Question 18

anus sphincters and innervation

Answer 18

internal anal sphincter: pelvic splanchnic nerves parasympathetic, inferior hypogastric plexus sympathetic

external anal sphincter: somatic control, pudendal nerve

Question 19

digestive system innervation

Answer 19

sympathetic: abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (coeliac ganglion, inferior and superior mesenteric ganglion)
parasympathetic:
vagus: foregut, midgut, non-GI organs
pelvic splanchnic nerves: hindgut

Question 20

major arteries

Answer 20

coeliac trunk foregut (oesophagus to duodenum including accessories)
superior mesenteric arteries midgut (duodenum to transverse colon)
inferior mesenteric arteries hindgut (the rest)

Question 21

major vein

Answer 21

splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein all drain into hepatic portal vein (superior and splenic directly form it)

Question 22

pancreas location and position

Answer 22

posterior to stomach, head encircled by duodenum, tail points to spleen

Question 23

anatomical vs physiological split of liver

Answer 23

right, left, quadrate (anterior), caudate(posterior)

physiologically, quadrate and caudate belong to left lobe
split is from gall bladder top to IVC groove

Question 24

entry and exit of blood to liver

Answer 24

entry: hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery exit: hepatic veins

Question 25

hepatic lobules (centre, corners, in-betweens)

Answer 25

liver is made up of lobules, collection of hepatocytes in a hexagonal shape centre: hepatic vein corners: portal triad structure (bile ductule, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery) in-betweens: sinusoids provide space for blood flow

Question 26

bile function

Answer 26

yellowish green alkaline fluid, emulsifies lipids, neutralises pH of duodenum

Question 27

liver functions

Answer 27

produce bile break down bilirubin metabolises drugs

Question 28

bile movement from hepatic lobule

Answer 28

bile canaliculi, bile ductules, common hepatic duct, up cystic duct into gall bladder, down cystic duct, bile duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla, major duodenal papilla

Question 29

pancreas structure and function

Answer 29

made up of lobules, lobules made up of pancreatic islets and acini cells pancreatic islets: blood glucose regulation acini cells: secrete pancreatic enzymes into duodenum

Question 30

blood supply to gall bladder and pancreas

Answer 30

cystic artery (branch of hepatic artery) head: gastroduodenal artery tail: splenic artery