Digestive System

Question 1

What two components make up the digestive system?

Answer 1

alimentary canal and accessory organs

Question 2

What are the two basic functions of the digestive system?

Answer 2

digestion and absorption

Question 3

What is digestion?

Answer 3

breakdown of food matter to yield small molecules, ions, etc.

Question 4

What component of the oral cavity is for food handling?

Answer 4

tongue

Question 5

What are the four functions of the salivary glands?

Answer 5

1. washes and lubricates
2. dissolves flavorants
3. make enzymes
4. modified in some reptiles as venom glands

Question 6

What are teeth or their equivalence (baleen) made from?

Answer 6

keratin based

Question 7

What keratin-based structure are in most vertebrates?

Answer 7

bone-like teeth

Question 8

What tissue lines the esophagus?

Answer 8

stratified squamous

Question 9

What glands are in the esophagus?

Answer 9

abundant submucosal mucous glands

Question 10

What is the modified esophagus in birds?

Answer 10

crop

Question 10

Esophagus muscle layers

Answer 10

muscular transitioned from skeletal to smooth

Question 11

What is the function of the crop in birds?

Answer 11

dedicated for food storage

Question 12

What is the modified esophagus in cattle?

Answer 12

rumen

Question 13

What is the function of the rumen in cattle?

Answer 13

space for microbial digestion of cellulose in “foreign fermentation”

Question 14

Two functions of stomach?

Answer 14

storage and digestion

Question 15

How many muscle layers in the stomach?

Answer 15

3

Question 16

What allows the stomach to stretch?

Answer 16

rugae

Question 17

What is rugae?

Answer 17

mucosal folds that allow the stomach to stretch

Question 18

Where do gastric pits reside?

Answer 18

in the mucosa in the stomach

Question 19

What tubular glands secrete “gastric juice”?

Answer 19

gastric pits

Question 20

What three components make up gastric juice?

Answer 20

1. HCl acid
2. enzymes
3. mucus

Question 21

What are the two functions of HCl acid in “gastric juice”?

Answer 21

helps digest and protects against microbes

Question 22

What is the function of mucus in “gastric juice”?

Answer 22

protects from self digestion

Question 23

What keratin-based digestive component do birds not have?

Answer 23

teeth

Question 24

How many stomachs do birds have?

Answer 24

2

Question 25

What are the two stomachs of birds?

Answer 25

glandular stomach and gizzard

Question 26

What is the glandular stomach function?

Answer 26

secretes the juice

Question 27

What is the gizzard function?

Answer 27

grinding stomach

Question 28

What do some birds eat to help digestion and which part of digestion does it help?

Answer 28

Eat minerals to help grinding

Question 29

What is the gizzard lined with

Answer 29

keratin-like protein

Question 30

What is chyme?

Answer 30

digest produced by the stomach

Question 31

What four things are squirted into the duodenum?

Answer 31

1. chyme 2. pancreas enzymes 3. bile from liver 4. Brunner's gland secretions

Question 32

What does Brunner's gland secrete?

Answer 32

alkaline mucus

Question 33

What is alkaline mucus' function?

Answer 33

neutralize acidic chyme

Question 34

What lines the small intestine?

Answer 34

enterocytes

Question 35

What type of cells are enterocytes

Answer 35

columnar cells

Question 36

What two functions do the enterocytes do?

Answer 36

finish digestion w/ brush border enzymes and actively absorb factors

Question 37

Why does the small intestine have so many adaptations?

Answer 37

To maximize the surface area of enterocytes

Question 38

What are the five adaptations that maximize the surface area of enterocytes?

Answer 38

1. long intestine length 2. spiral valve in some fishes 3. internal spiral folds 4. villi 5. microvilli

Question 39

What are the finger-like mucosal extensions in the small intestine?

Answer 39

villi

Question 40

What is the first part of the large intestine?

Answer 40

cecum

Question 41

What organ is with the cecum in humans?

Answer 41

appendix

Question 42

What type of organ is the appendix?

Answer 42

lymphatic organ

Question 43

What part of the small intestine connects to the cecum?

Answer 43

ileum

Question 44

What is the modification in the large intestine in "hindgut fermenters" (horses, rhinos, rabbits) and what is it for?

Answer 44

the cecum is greatly enlarged for microbial cellulose digestion

Question 45

What are the three functions of the large intestine?

Answer 45

1. absorbs water 2. forms and stores feces 3. helps urinary system balance animal water budget

Question 46

What are the three components of feces?

Answer 46

1. water 2. home cells 3. non-digestible material

Question 47

What are the three ways we gain water?

Answer 47

1. drinking 2. food 3. metabolic water (10%)

Question 48

How do we gain water metabolically?

Answer 48

via aerobic respiration

Question 49

What are the three ways we lose water?

Answer 49

1. evaporation - sweating (~35%) 2. urinating 3. feces (~5%)

Question 50

What are the 7 components of the oral cavity in a frog?

Answer 50

1. tongue 2. glottis 3. pharynx 4. esophagus 5. teeth 6. internal nares (sing. naris) 7. external nares (nostrils)

Question 51

What is the opening into the respiratory tract?

Answer 51

glottis

Question 52

What is the opening into the esophagus?

Answer 52

pharynx

Question 53

Where are the internal nares located in a frog?

Answer 53

anterior palate

Question 54

What do the internal nares connect to?

Answer 54

the external nares (nostrils)

Question 55

What is the purpose of the nares in frogs?

Answer 55

froggy needs to breath

Question 56

What is absorption?

Answer 56

absorbs the molecules broken down by digestion into the bloodstream

Question 57

What connects the oral cavity to the stomach?

Answer 57

esophagus

Question 58

What is the initial section of the small intestine?

Answer 58

duodenum

Question 59

What region of the stomach connects to the beginning of the small intestine?

Answer 59

pyloric region

Question 60

What holds the intestine and other organs in place?

Answer 60

transparent mesenteries

Question 61

What tissue layer lines the body cavity?

Answer 61

peritoneum

Question 62

Where/what are the mesenteries?

Answer 62

extensions of the peritoneum

Question 63

What organ is attached to the duodenum?

Answer 63

pancreas

Question 64

What is the structure and function of the pancreas?

Answer 64

long and thin - secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum

Question 65

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 65

in the peritoneum at the stomach-intestine junction

Question 66

What is the largest gland in the body?

Answer 66

liver

Question 67

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 67

secretes bile into the duodenum

Question 68

What duct does the liver use?

Answer 68

the same one as the pancreas - common bile duct

Question 69

Where does the liver store bile?

Answer 69

gall bladder

Question 70

Where is the gall bladder?

Answer 70

between the right and median liver lobes

Question 71

What is the main function of bile?

Answer 71

helps emulsify fats

Question 72

Where does the large intestine in the frog go?

Answer 72

narrows down to the cloaca

Question 73

What is the cloaca?

Answer 73

the opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive functions

Question 74

Who has a cloaca?

Answer 74

non mammal tetrapods typically