digestive system

Question 1

what embryological layer are teeth formed from?
a) neuroectoderm
b) ectoderm and mesoderm
c) mesoderm only
d) ectoderm only

Answer 1

ectoderm and mesoderm in complex interactions

Question 2

where in the tooth is cementum found in carnivores?
a) crown
b) pulp cavity
c) root
d) furcation

Answer 2

Root, for anchoring the periodontal ligaments

Question 3

where to nerves and vessels enter the tooth?

Answer 3

apical delata/ root canal

Question 4

which term cannot be used to describe carnivore teeth?
a) heterodonty
b) diphyodont
c) hypsodont

Answer 4

C
a) heterodonty- different teeth in different regions of the mouth
b) biphyodont- 2 sets of teeth that develop sequentially
c) hypsodont- high crowned teeth that continue to develop throughout life. (herbivores, rodents)

Question 5

with the modified triadan system, the last premolar is always…
a) 07
b) 08
c) 09

Answer 5

08

Central incisor always = 01
Canines always = 04
Last premolar always = 08
First molar always = 09

see anatomy for more canine and feline teeth questions

Question 6

how many maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth do rabbits have?

Answer 6

max- 6- PM (06-08)- M- (09-11)
mand- 5 PM (07-08)- M- (09-11)

Question 7

what are radicular teeth?

Answer 7

Aradicular teeth are teeth that do not develop a true root with an apex and instead grow continuously throughout the animal’s life. This type of tooth is also referred to as elodont or ever-growing. Rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas are examples of animals that have aradicular hypsodont teeth, meaning they have high-crowned teeth that continuously grow.

Question 8

in dogs, where does the zygomatic salivary duct enter the mouth?
a) just caudal to 09 maxillary tooth
b) At the level of the caudal margin of the last maxillary premolar (PM4)
c) under the tongue
c) caudal aspect of the hard palate

Answer 8

A
b- parotid duct

Question 9

what is the relationship between the mandibular salivary gland and the sublingual salivary glands in dogs?

Answer 9

the MONOSTOMATIC salivary gland is almost confluent with the mandibular gland. usually removed together in sx.

Question 10

minor salivary glands have which secretions?
a) mucinous
b) serous
c) mucinous and serous

Answer 10

A

major have both in dogs
parotid has only serous in other species

Question 11

what is the parotid ducts relationship to the masseter muscle
a) mostly lateral to it
b) mostly medial to it
c) mostly dorsal to it
d) mostly ventral to it

Answer 11

A

Question 12

where does the mandibular salivary duct open?

Answer 12

sublingual caruncle, closely related to the major sublingual duct

Question 13

what is the zygomatic salivary gland found?

Answer 13

pterygopalatine fossa

Question 14

what ligament attaches the spleen to the stomach?

Answer 14

gastrosplenic ligament

Question 15

is there a ligament between the stomach and the diaphragm?

Answer 15

yes.
The attachment from the gastrosplenic ligament to the left
crus of the diaphragm is the phrenicosplenic ligament (lig.
phrenicolienale). The portion of the greater omentum that
attaches the left crus of the diaphragm to the fundus of the
stomach is the gastrophrenic ligament (lig. gastophrenicum).
The gastrosplenic ligament is the most well developed of these
three ligaments in the dog.

Question 16

blood supply to the stomach comes from?
a) celiac
b) cranial mesenteric

Answer 16

celiac
left and right gastric- along lesser curvature
left and right gastro-epiploic- lesser curvature
short gastric- from the splenic artery

Question 17

the right gastric and gastroepiploic drain in to the…

Answer 17

gastroduodenal vein
The left gastric and left gastroepiploic veins are tributaries of the splenic vein

Question 18

is there a ligament between the ascending colon and the ascending duodenum?

Answer 18

yes, duodenocolic ligament

Question 19

how are the ileum and cecum different in a cat and dog?

Answer 19

in dogs there is an ileocolic and a cecocolic orifice that are separate. there is no direct communication in dogs. in cats the ceacum is a blind sac at the end of the ascending colon

in horses the ileum enters the cecum and there is a separate exit into the colon

Question 20

the first part of the duodenum is supplied by which artery?
a) hepatic
b) cranial mesenteric
c) caudal mesenteric
d) directly from celiac

Answer 20

A heptic which comes from the celiac

Question 21

in the cow, where does the reticulum lye in relation to the rumen?

Answer 21

cranial and on the left. The rumen is also left-sided. The omasum and abomasum are right-sided.

Question 22

how many cats have an accessory pancreatic duct?
a) 1%
b)15%
c) 20%
d) 25%

Answer 22

20%

Question 23

in the dog, does the pancreas arise from one, two or three primordia?

Answer 23

2. hence 2 ducts

Question 24

which is true in dogs?
a) the pancreatic duct enters the major and the cystic duct enters the minor duodenal papilla
b) the pancreatic duct and common bile duct join to enter the major duodenal papilla
c) the pancreatic duct and common bile duct join to enter the minor duodenal papilla
d) the accessory pancreatic duct enters the minor duodenal papilla

Answer 24

D
In a medium-sized dog, the CBD is 5-cm long and 2.5 mm in diameter and empties into the duodenum 1.5 cm to 6.0 cm distal to the pylorus at the major duodenal papilla. The CBD of the dog opens near the smaller of two pancreatic ducts (thepancreatic duct) at the major duodenal papilla; the larger pancreatic duct (accessory pancreatic duct) opens a few centimeters distally in the minor duodenal papilla.
the accessory pancreatic duct is larger and drains the left lobe, and the pancreatic duct drains the right side (somehow)

Question 25

which is true in cats? a) the pancreatic duct enters the major and the cystic duct enters the minor duodenal papilla b) the pancreatic duct and common bile duct join to enter the major duodenal papilla c) the pancreatic duct and common bile duct join to enter the minor duodenal papilla d) the accessory pancreatic duct enters the major duodenal papilla

Answer 25

B

Question 26

how many peristaltic contractions should the stomach do per minute?

Answer 26

4-5 S-1-3

Question 27

which nerve innervates the muscles of the pharynx and palate?

Answer 27

CN 9- glossopharyngeal and vagus CN 10 https://www.physio-pedia.com/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Swallowing

Question 28

which of the following is not a function of the glossopharyngeal nerve? a) general visceral afferent provide sensory information from the carotid body b) special visceral afferent provide taste from the caudal tongue c) general visceral efferent parasympathetic innerveration of the mandibular salivary gland d) general somatic efferent innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle

Answer 28

C- but it is parasympathetic to the parotid and zygomatic salivary glands

Question 29

which nerves control swallowing?

Answer 29

Question 30

the primary oesophageal peristaltic wave is initiated in a) the pharynx b) the cranial oesophageal sphincter c) just caudal to the cranial oesophageal sphincter

Answer 30

A secondary are initiated in the oesophagus

Question 31

which of the following stimulate the basic electric rhythm of the gastrointestinal tract? a) noradrenaline b) gastrin c) secretin d) Ach

Answer 31

B, D stimulate, the others inhibit Function of the BER --> coordinate peristaltic and other motor activity; contractions occur only during the depolarising part of the waves

Question 32

which nerve innervates the external anal sphincter? a) sciatic b) vagus c) pudendal d) rectal

Answer 32

C

Question 33

where is cholecystokinin produced and what is its role in digestion? a) mainly from the liver, stimulates biliary bicarbonate secretion b) from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, but mainly the duodenum, stimulates enzyme secretion form the pancreas and inhibits gastric emptying c) from the distal stomach, stimulated gastric acid secretion d) from the duodenum, stimulated bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas

Answer 33

B. stimulated by protein and fat in the small intestine

Question 34

which is false? a) gastrin is produced in the distal stomach, stimulating gastric acid secretion and gastric motility b) secretin is produced in the duodenumstimulating pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate secretion c) Motilin is produced in the duodenum and jejunum, stimulating enzyme secretion from the pancreas and regulating insulin secretion d) gastric inhibitory peptide is produced in the duodenum and upper jejunum, inhibiting gastric motility and secretions, and stimulating insulin secretion if enough glucose is present

Answer 34

C is false motilin probably regulates motility between meals

Question 35

where is somatostatin produced (more than one may be correct)? a) pancreatic islets b) gi muscle c) gi mucosa d) gi myenteric plexus

Answer 35

A, C

Question 36

how does peritonitis cause ileus?

Answer 36

Peritoneointestinal relfex- results from irritation of the peritoneum --> inhibits the excitatory enteric nerves --> can cause intestinal paralysis, especially in patient with peritonitis Other reflexes Renointestinal - inhibit intestinal activity as a result of kidney infection - Vesicointestinal - inhibit intestinal activity as a result of bladder infection

Question 37

how does the pancreas protect against autodigestion?

Answer 37

pancreatic enzymes are stored in an inactive form (zymogens), The acini also release trypsin inhibitors (trypsin is one enzyme from protein digestion)

Question 38

where are insulin, glucagon and somatostatin produced in the pancreas?

Answer 38

islets of langerhans- beta, alpha and delta cells respectively

Question 39

what are the functions of insulin?

Answer 39

Liver - promotes synthesis of glycogen, protein and fat; inhibits catabolic effect of glucagon. increased use of glucose, inhibits gluconeogenesis Adipose tissue - TGA storage in fat cells muscle- promotes glucose uptake, storage of glycogen

Question 40

what does somatostatin do? a) decrease secretion of insulin and glucagon b) increase secretion of insulin and glucagon c) increase secretion of insulin d) increase secretion of glucagon

Answer 40

A

Question 41

which form of bilirubin is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder

Answer 41

uncongugated

Question 42

what are the arrows pointing to?

Answer 42

blue spleen green ventriculus of stomach proventriculus small