Digestive System

Question 1

Organs of the digestive tract are divided into two groups…

Answer 1

the alimentary canal and accessory organs.

Question 2

Walls of the digestive tract (4) from the innermost layer to the outermost layer include the..

Answer 2

Tunica mucosa, the tunica submucosa, the tunica muscularis, and the tunica serosa.

Question 3

The tunica mucosa consists of (from most superficial to deep) three layers.. what are they?

Answer 3

Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscilar mucosa.

Question 4

From the stomach to the mouth, the tunica mucosa epithelium consists of this type of epithelum and is (kertinized/non-keritinized)

Answer 4

Stratified squamous epithelium; nonkeritinized.

Question 5

From the stomach to the rectum, the tunica mucosa is made of this type of epithelium before changing back to sratified squamous at the anal canal..

Answer 5

Simple columnar epithelium.

Question 6

The tunica submucosa holds these structures…

Answer 6

blood vessels, lymph vessels, and messiner’s submucosal plexus.

Question 7

The structure of the tunica muscularis, with an inner layer of circular muscle and an outer later of longitufinal muscle, works to maintain what process?

Answer 7

Peristalsis.

Question 8

What do the lips function as?

Answer 8

It functions as valves of the oral fissure, containing the sphincter that controls entry and exit from the mouth.

Question 9

The differing color of the lips is due to vascularization by what branches of facial arteries?

Answer 9

The superior labial arteries and the inferior labial arteries.

Question 10

A congenital anomaly of the lip where the the lip is not joined together, forming a cleft is called what?

Answer 10

Cleft lip or hare (as in a rabbit) lip.

Question 11

The divisions within the mouth include:

Answer 11

The oral vestibule and the oral cavity.

Question 12

The oral vestibule marks describes what area of the inner mouth?

Answer 12

Between he teeth, gums, lips, and cheeks.

Question 13

The oral cavity describes what space of the inner mouth?

Answer 13

The space extending from the vestibule to the arch opening in the back of the mouth (fauces).

Question 14

The hard palate consists of the area superficial to what bony structures?

Answer 14

Palatine process of the maxilla bone and the horizontal place of the palatine bone.

Question 15

The soft palate also has a bony skeleton: true or false?

Answer 15

False. It has no bony skeleton.

Question 16

Name a disease of the palate.

Answer 16

Cleft palette – occurs more frequently in women.

Question 17

Humans and most mammals have diphyodont dentition. What does this mean?

Answer 17

We have two sets of teeth throughout our lifetime.

Question 18

Humans and most mammals are heterodont in dentition. What does this mean?

Answer 18

We have teeth that are different in structure which are adapted to handle food in different ways.

Question 19

The part of the tooth which holds the blood vessels is the __________ _________ of the tooth.

Answer 19

Pulp cavity.

Question 20

The function of the extrinsic muscles of the run is to move the tongue which way in order to move food for chewing?

Answer 20

Side to side and in and out.

Question 21

The instrinsic muscles of the tongue move the tongue in which way to aid speech and swallowing?

Answer 21

It alters the shape and size of the tongue.

Question 22

Name the different (3) salivary glands:

Answer 22

Parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands.

Question 23

The largest of the salivary glands is which gland?

Answer 23

The Parotid glands.

Question 24

Where is the parotid gland located?

Answer 24

Under and in front of the ear between the skin and the masseter muscle.

Question 25

Where are the submandibular glands located?

Answer 25

Beneath the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth.

Question 26

Where are the sublingual glands located?

Answer 26

In the floor of the mouth between the mandible and the glenoglossus muscle.

Question 27

The esophogus is posterior or anterior to the trachea and follows the curvature of the vertebeal column.

Answer 27

Posterior.

Question 28

The top 1/3 of the tunuca muscularis of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle under the control of what what nervous system?

Answer 28

The somatic nervous system.

Question 29

The middle 1/3 of the tunica muscularis of the esophagus is made of only smooth muscle: True or false?

Answer 29

False, it is made of both skeletal and smooth muscle.

Question 30

The bottom 1/3 of the tunica muscularis is made of smooth muscle which is controlled by the....

Answer 30

autonomic nervous system.

Question 31

In a cross section of the esophagus, the lining is made of what kind of epithelium and is it kertinized or non-keritinized?

Answer 31

It is made of stratified squamous epithelium which is nonkeritinized.

Question 32

The top region of the stomach is called the _______.

Answer 32

Fundus.

Question 33

The fundus is in contact with what structure of the body?

Answer 33

The diaphragm.

Question 34

The middle of the stomach is called the ________.

Answer 34

Body

Question 35

The cardiac part of the stomach marks the junction of what two structures of the digestive tract?

Answer 35

The esophagus and the stomach.

Question 36

The cardiac part of the stomach has what structure which helps to stop regurgitation?

Answer 36

A sphincter.

Question 37

The bottom part of the stomach is called the ____________ part of the stomach.

Answer 37

Pyloric.

Question 38

The junction between the duodenum and the bottom of the stomach is marked by what structure of the stomach?

Answer 38

The pyloric sphincter.

Question 39

In addition to layering of circular and longitudinal muscle layers, the tunica muscularis of the stomach has another layer of muscle running in what direction?

Answer 39

Obliquely.

Question 40

This structure of the internal stomach helps to channel food in the direction of the gastric canal and also allows for expansion of the stomach.

Answer 40

The folds of the mucous membrane AKA rugae.

Question 41

The divisions of the small intestine include:

Answer 41

The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum (remember to spell with an e).

Question 42

The large surface area needed for absorption in the small intestine is achieved through 4 methods:

Answer 42

Length, Pilcase circulares, villi, and microcilli.

Question 43

Folds on the inside of the small intestine are called what?

Answer 43

Pilcae circulares

Question 44

Villi of the small intestine can be described as what kind of projections?

Answer 44

Finger-like

Question 45

Microvilli, compared to villi, differ such that microvili of the small intestine deal with singular cells: true or false?

Answer 45

True.

Question 46

This microstructure of the small intestine is the lymphatic capillary in the villi of the small intestine used for fat absorption.

Answer 46

Central Lacteal

Question 47

The function of Brunner's Glands is to...

Answer 47

Secrete alkaline fluid to counter act the acidity of the stomach. secretes buffers!

Question 48

Where are Brunner's Glands found in the small intesntine?

Answer 48

They are found ONLY in the duodenum.

Question 49

What are Peyer's Patches?

Answer 49

Aggregations of lymphatic nodules.

Question 50

Where are Peyer's Patches found in the small intestine??

Answer 50

ONLY in the ileum.

Question 51

Name the 4 divisions of the Large Intestine.

Answer 51

Cecum+Appendix, Colon, Rectum, and Anal Canal.

Question 52

Does the large intestine have pilcae circulares?

Answer 52

No.

Question 53

The Tenia Coli on the large intestine is made of 3 bands of what structure?

Answer 53

3 bands of longitudinal muscle of tunica muscularis.

Question 54

The tenia coli work to form these structures on the large intestine.

Answer 54

Semilunar folds between haustra.

Question 55

True or False: The large intestine has villi.

Answer 55

False.

Question 56

The fat deposits on the large intestine are called...

Answer 56

Epiploic appendages.

Question 57

True or false: The hepatic flexure is on the right side of the body.

Answer 57

True.

Question 58

Is the Left colic flexure (or spleenic flexure) inferior to the hepatic flexure?

Answer 58

No, The Hepatic flexure is more inferior in the body than the spleenic flexure.

Question 59

The ileum joins the large intestine at this structure.

Answer 59

The cecum.

Question 60

McBurney's point, where the base of the appendix can be found where using surface anatomical structures?

Answer 60

Two thirds the way between the naval and the right anterior superior iliac spine.

Question 61

Name the different parts of the colon in the correct order.

Answer 61

Cecum+appendix, ascending colon, Hepatic flexure, transverse colon, spleenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoidal colon, rectosigmoidal junction, recum, Anal canal, anus.

Question 62

Does the rectum have tenia coli?

Answer 62

No.

Question 63

This structure helps to support fecal material as it collects in the rectum.

Answer 63

Three permanent transverse folds.

Question 64

This muscle loops around the rectum and helps to control defecation, in specificity, this muscle relaxes when a person needs to defecate.

Answer 64

Puborectalis Muscle.

Question 65

The large intestine terminates at this structure..

Answer 65

Anal canal.

Question 66

The anal canal above the pectinate line is controlled by this system of the PNS.

Answer 66

autonomic system

Question 67

The anal canal below the pectinate line is controlled by this system of the PNS.

Answer 67

somatic system.

Question 68

The exocrine function of the pancreas is to do what?

Answer 68

Secreate pancreatic juice which has enzymes which aid in digestion.

Question 69

The endocrine function of the pancreas is to do what?

Answer 69

regulate blood sugar by secreting insulin and glucagon.

Question 70

Exocrine refers to products leaving via ...

Answer 70

a duct.

Question 71

Endocrine refers to products leaving via...

Answer 71

diffusion.

Question 72

Products leaving the pancreas, the gallbladder, and the liver, exit into the duodenum via this structure..

Answer 72

The major duodendal papilla.

Question 73

The pancreas empties into the duodenum via the accessory pancreatic duct using this structure:

Answer 73

Minor duodenal papilla.

Question 74

The falciform ligament terminates inferiorly at this structure:

Answer 74

Round ligament of the liver.

Question 75

The round ligament of the liver is a remnant of what structure?

Answer 75

the umbilical vein.

Question 76

This artery carries 30% of the blood INTO the liver. This blood is high in oxygen.

Answer 76

Hepatic ARTERY.

Question 77

This Vein carries 70% of the blood INTO the liver. This blood is rich in nutrients.

Answer 77

Portal Vein.

Question 78

The portal vein is formed by the union of two other veins. What are they?

Answer 78

The superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.

Question 79

The mesenteric vein drains nutrients from this organ.

Answer 79

The intestinal tract.

Question 80

The splenic vein trains this organ.

Answer 80

The spleen.

Question 81

Blood leaves the liver and drains into the vena cava via this strcutre.

Answer 81

The hepatic VEIN.

Question 82

The liver can be divided into ___ functional divisions, and further broken down into ____ functional segments.

Answer 82

4;8

Question 83

The different functional sections are important surgically because why?

Answer 83

They are each have their own separate blood supply.

Question 84

True or false: The gallbladder makes bile.

Answer 84

False, it is only a storage organ.

Question 85

The common hepatic duct, common bile duct, and the pancreatic duct all flow into this structure before emptying into the duodendal ampilla.

Answer 85

hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 86

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is significant because blockage of the ampulla with gallstones can cause what?

Answer 86

pancreatitis.

Question 87

This structure only opens up you have a meal, other wise it is clamped. This is also the mechanism by which bile is backed up into the glabladder.

Answer 87

Sphincter of the heptopancreatic ampulla.