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A&P 2 Exam 3 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

The digestive system includes

A

the muscular digestive tract

Various accessory organs

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2
Q

What is part of the muscular digestive tract in the digestive system

A

Esophagus

Stomach

Intestine

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3
Q

What are the accessory organs in the digestive system

A

Liver

Pancreas

Oral cavity

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4
Q

Functions of the digestive system

A

Ingestion

Mechanical processing

Digestion (mechanical breakdown, and chemical breakdown)

Secretion

Absorption

Excretion

Storage

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5
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularies

Serosa

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6
Q

Which layers lines the digestive tract

A

Mucosa

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7
Q

Lamina propria and epithelium form_____ in the ____(digestive tract layer)_____

A

Mucosa

Mucous epithelium

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8
Q

Which layer of the digestive tract is moistened by glandular secretions

A

Mucosa

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9
Q

Which is the layer of the digestive tract that has dense irregular connective tissue

A

Submucosa

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10
Q

Which layer of the digestive tract contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Submucosa

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11
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves or contractions that move and propel food (volumes) along the digestive tract toward the anus

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12
Q

Segmentation

A

Segmentation is the contraction that is produced in small intestine and some part of the large intestine

THIS LEADS TO MIXING OF FOOD AND FRAGMENT A BOLUS
Mixes with digestive juices
Goes back and forth in the small intestine

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13
Q

Functions of the oral cavity

A

Analysis of material before swallowing

Mechanical processing by the teeth tongue and palatial surfaces

Lubrication

Limited digestion
(SALIVA STARTS DIGESTING COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES)

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14
Q

Primary functions of the tongue

A

Mechanical processing

Assistance in chewing and swallowing

Sensory analysis by touch temperature and taste receptors

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15
Q

What are the 3 pairs of the salivary glands

A

Parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

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16
Q

Components of saliva

A

99.4% water

.6% electrolytes, buffers, glycoproteins, antibodies (IgA), and enzymes (salivary amylase: breakdown of carbohydrates)

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17
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Lubrications

Moistening

Dissolving

initiation of digestion of complex carbohydrates

Help to control bacterial population in the oral cavity

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18
Q

The function of the esophagus

A

Carries solids and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach

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19
Q

The wall of the esophagus contains _____ layers

A

Mucosal

Submucosal

Muscularis

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20
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Storage: bulk storage of undigested food

Mechanical processing of the food

Chemical processing of the food: disruption of chemical bonds via acids and enzymes

Secretion: production of intrinsic factor, HCl, pepsinogen, and gastric

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21
Q

Cardia of the stomach

A

Superior medical portion that connects to the esophagus

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22
Q

Fundus

A

Portion superior to stomach - esophageal junction

Gastric pits

Contain gas here all the time

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23
Q

Body of the stomach

A

Area between the fundus and the curve of the J

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24
Q

Pylorus of the stomach

A

Antrum and pyloric Canal adjacent to the duodenum(part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum)

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25
Pyloric sphincter of the stomach
Guards exit from stomach Regulates entry of food to the small intestine (duodenum) from the stomach
26
Rugae of the stomach
Ridges and folds in relaxed stomach Allows the stomach to stretch Temporary folds that are gone when here’s no food in the stomach
27
How long does it take to empty the stomach
4 hours
28
Gastric pits are found
In fundus and body of the stomach
29
Function of gastric pit
Communicates with several gastric gland
30
2 types of secretary cells
Parietal cells Chief cells
31
Parietal cells
Secrete intrinsic factor, and HCl HCl (THAT COMES FROM OUR FOOD) kill most bacteria, denature proteins, inactivate food enzymes, breakdown plant cells and connective tissue in meat, activate pepsinogen to pepsin Pepsinogen ——> pepsin——> protein breakdown
32
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen that converts to popsin in the presence of acid PEPSIN BREAKS DOWN PROTEINS in kids, they also produce lipase and rennin (to help with milk digestion)
33
pyloric glands
produces mucous containing several hormones
34
enteroendocrine cells
G cells secrete gastrin gastrin stimulates parietal cells and chief cells to secrete HCl and popsinogen D cells secrete somatostatin somatostatin inhibits gastrin secretion
35
pepsin
enzyme that digests proteins
36
stomach permits digestion of carbohydrates by lipase until
the pH falls to 4.5
37
why doesnt absoprtion occur in the stomach
epithelial cells are no exposed to chime epithelial cells lack transport mechanism gastric lining is impermeable to water digestion is not completed (some drugs are absorbed)
38
role of small intestine in digestion and absorption
mucosa of SI produce few enzymes, and buffer to neutralize chyme
39
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum jejunum ileum
40
duodenum
recieves chyme from stomach, bile from gall bladder, and digestive secretion from pancreas digestion continues in here
41
jejunum
digestion and absoprtion takes place here
42
ileocecal sphincter
transition between small intestine and large intestine
43
gastroenteric reflexes are initiated by
stretch receptors in stomach
44
gastroileal reflex triggers
relaxation of ileocecal valve
45
what are the endocrine functions of pancreas
secretes insulin and glucagons
46
what are the exocrine functions of pancreas
produces majority of pancreatic secretions
47
pancreatic juice secreted into the small intestine contains
carbohydrases: to digest carbohydrates lipases: to digest lipids nucleases proteolytic enzymes
48
functions of the liver
performs metabolic and hematological regulation and produces bile
49
bile canaliculi
carry bile to bile ductules
50
bile ductules
lead to portal areas
51
functions of gall bladder are
stores bile modifies bile concentrates bile TOO MUCH BILE CONCENTRATION CAUSES GALLSTONE bile salt break large droplet of fat for digestion
52
which mechanisms coordinate glands
neural hormonal
53
GI activity is stimulated by
parasympathetic innervation
54
GI activity is inhibited by
sympathetic innervation
55
what are the three divisions of the large intestine
cecu, colon rectum
56
cecum
collects and stores material from ileum
57
what are the 4 regions of the colon
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
58
functions of the large intestine
absorption of water absoprtion of vitamins produced by bacteria storage of fecal material prior to defecation
59
carbohydrate digestion and absorption begins in
the mouth salivary and pancreatic enzymes disaccharides and trisaccharides brush border enzymes monosaccharides
60
absorption of monosaccharides occurs across the
intestinal epithelia
61
lipid digestion and absorption
utilizes pancreatic lipases bile salts imrpove chemical digestion- EMULSIFIES LIPID DROPS MICELLES (lipid bile salt complexes ) ARE FORMED micelles diffues into intestinal epithelia THIS RELEASES LIPIDS INTO BLOOD AS CHYLOMICRONS
62
protein digestion and absorption
low pH destroys tertiary and quarternary structure uses pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase free amino acids are absorbed
63
absorption
water (ALL THAT IS INGESTED IS REABSORBED BY OSMOSIS) ions (ABSORBED BY DIFFUSION, COTRANSPORT, AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT) vitamins (water soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion, fat soluble vitamins are absorbed as part of micelles, vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor)
64
movement of materials along the digestive tract is controlled by
neural mechanisms (parasympathetic and local reflexes) hormonal mechanisms (enhance or inhibit smooth muscle contraction) local mechanisms (coordinate response to changes in pH or chemical stimuli

A&P 2 Exam 3 (3 decks)

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