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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive sys. function

A

to break down food into simple chemicals, to allow absorption into the blood & lymph & utilization by cells

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2
Q

2 Divisions of digestive sys

A

1) Alimentary tube

2) Accessory organs

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3
Q

Alimentary tube

A
  • oral (buccal) cavity

- pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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4
Q

Accessory organs

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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5
Q

DIGESTION types

A

Mechanical

Chemical

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6
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

the physical breaking up of food into smaller pieces

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7
Q

Chemical digestion

A

digestive enzymes break down complex organics into simpler organics & inorganics; each enzyme is specific for the food it will digest

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8
Q

Digestion

A

takes place in the oral cavity, stomach & small intestine

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9
Q

The end products of digestion

A
  • carbs
  • fats
  • proteins
  • vitamins, minerals and water
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10
Q

Carbohydrates

A

broken down into monosaccharides

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11
Q

Fats

A

broken down into fatty acids & glycerol

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12
Q

Proteins

A

broken down into amino acids

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13
Q

ORAL CAVITY contains:

A

Teeth
Tongue
Opening of the ducts of the salivary glands

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14
Q

Oral cavity

A

-Food enters the oral cavity by way of the mouth

Boundaries of the oral cavity are hard & soft palates

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15
Q

Boundaries of the oral cavity are hard & soft palates

A

superiorly; the cheeks laterally; the floor of the mouth inferiorly

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16
Q

PHARYNX

A
  • Food passageway from the oral cavity to the esophagus

- No digestion takes place

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17
Q

PHARYNX function

A

-the mechanical movement of food,(propulsion)

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18
Q

Swallowing reflex is coordinated by the

A

medulla

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19
Q

Swallowing reflex pathway

A

Constriction of the pharynx

Cessation of breathing

Elevation of the soft palate to block the nasopharnyx

Elevation of the larynx, closure of the epiglottis

Peristalsis (propulsion)by the oesophagus

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20
Q

ESOPHAGUS

A
  • Muscular tube
  • No digestion takes place
  • Peristalsis propels food in one direction to the stomach
  • Lower oesophageal sphincter- LES or cardiac sphincter
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21
Q

Muscular tube

A

food passageway from the pharynx to the stomach

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22
Q

Lower oesophageal sphincter - LES or cardiac sphincter

A
  • a circular muscle at the junction of the oesophagus & stomach
  • contracts to prevent the backup of stomach contents
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23
Q

ALIMENTARY TUBE STRUCTURE- 4 layers

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) serosa
4) external muscle layer

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24
Q

Mucosa

A

epithelial, areolar connective & 2 types of smooth muscle

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25
Q

Submucosa

A
  • areolar connective tissue - with many blood vessels

- lymph vessels - “brain of the gut” Meissner’s plexus

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26
Q

Serosa

A
  • in oesophagus - fibrous connective tissue

- below the diaphragm - the mesentery or visceral peritoneum, (serous membrane)

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27
Q

External muscle layer

A

2 layers of smooth muscle
>inner circular
>outer longitudinal layer,(Auerbach’s plexus)

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28
Q

STOMACH

A
  • A muscular sac that extends from the oesophagus to the small intestine
  • Gastric juice is secreted by gastric pits
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29
Q

The pyloric sphincter at the junction of the stomach & the duodenum prevents

A

backup of intestinal contents

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30
Q

Begins the digestion of protein

A

stomach

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31
Q

Reservoir for food

A

stomach

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32
Q

where is the stomach located

A

Upper Left abdominal quadrant

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33
Q

Rugae

A

folds of the mucosal lining of the stomach

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34
Q

Gastric pits

A

glands of the stomach; secrete gastric juice; consist of several types of cells

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35
Q

Mucous

A

secrete mucus which coats the lining & prevents erosion by the gastric juices

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36
Q

Chief

A

secrete pepsinogen – an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin

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37
Q

Parietal

A
  • secrete hydrochloric (HCL) acid which converts pepsinogen to pepsin
  • which begins the digestion of proteins; secrete intrinsic factor which is necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12
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38
Q

Parasympathetic response

A

gastric juice is secreted at the sight or smell of food

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39
Q

Food in the stomach causes the G cells to secrete

A

-gastrin , a hormone that stimulates the secretion of more gastric juices

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40
Q

External muscle layer consists of 3 layers of

A
  • smooth muscle

- circular, longitudinal, & oblique

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41
Q

Impulses carried by the vagus (10th cranial) nerve provide for

A

-mechanical digestion of the food to change it into chyme, released in small amounts into the duodenum

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42
Q

SMALL INTESTINE

A
  • Coiled within the center of the abdominal cavity
  • Extends from the stomach to the colon
  • Approximately 1 inch (2.5cm) in diameter & 20 feet (6m) long
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43
Q

Duodenum

A
  • in small intestine

- 1st 10 inches (25cm), common bile duct enters at the ampulla of Vater

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44
Q

Jejunum

A
  • in small intestine

- 8 ft long

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45
Q

Ileum

A
  • in small intestine

- 11 ft long

46
Q

where is digestion completed

A

small intestine

47
Q

end products are absorbed into

A

the blood & lymph

48
Q

The mucosa has simple

A

columnar epithelium that include microvillus & goblet cells that secrete mucus

49
Q

Lymph nodules

A
  • Peyer’s patches

- abundant in the ileum to destroy absorbed pathogens

50
Q

3 sources of digestive secretions function within the small intestine:

A

liver
pancreas
small intestine

51
Q

what completes digestion

A

enzymes secreted by the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

52
Q

Most absorption takes place & requires a

A

large surface area

53
Q

Structures that increase surface area: (3)

A

1) Plica circulares
2) Villi
3) Microvilli

54
Q

Plica circulares

A

macroscopic circular folds of the mucosa & submucosa

55
Q

Villi

A

folds of the mucosa that contain a capillary network & a lacteal

56
Q

Microvilli

A

folds of the cell membrane; “brush border”

57
Q

Each villus has a

A

capillary network & lacteal (dead-end lymph capillary)

58
Q

What is absorbed absorbed by active transport

A
  • Monosaccarides
  • amino acids
  • +ions
  • water soluble nutrients
59
Q

What is absorbed by osmosis

A

H20

60
Q

Vitamin B12 requires

A

intrinsic factor

61
Q

Calcium ions require

A

parathyroid hormone & VitD

62
Q

What is absorbed through the lacteals of the villi

A

Fat-soluble nutrients (Vit A,D,E,K, fatty acids & glycerol, combined to form chylomicrons)

63
Q

LARGE INTESTINE

A
  • Extends from the small intestine to the anus
  • Approximately 2.5in,(6.3cm) in diameter & 5ft,(1.5m) in length
  • No digestion takes place
64
Q

LARGE INTESTINE- function

A

absorption of H2o, minerals, & vitamins;

>elimination of undigested material

65
Q

The colonic mucosa

A

secretes mucus

66
Q

Taeniae coli

A
  • lrg intestine

- longitudinal smooth muscle layer that gathers the colon into puckers (haustra)

67
Q

Cecum

A

junction with the small intestine is the ileocecal valve;

>appendix (vestigial organ) is attached

68
Q

Colon parts: (7)

A
  • Cecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
69
Q

About ___% of H2O that enters the ____ is absorbed, approximately _00-_00mls/day

A

80, colon, 400-800

70
Q

Normal flora (bacteria) inhibit

A

the growth of pathogens

71
Q

Vitamins are produced by

A

the normal flora

72
Q

where is vitamin k produced and absorbed

A

large intestine

73
Q

what is produced in small amounts in the large intestine (4)

A

Riboflavin
thiamine
biotin
folic acid

74
Q

ACCESSORY ORGANS- defintion

A

Digestion does not take place within these organs but each contributes to the digestive process

75
Q

ACCESSORY ORGANS (6)

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
76
Q

TEETH- Deciduous

A

20 teeth; between 6 months & two years; lost throughout childhood

77
Q

TEETH- Deciduous Function

A

chewing ; mechanically breaks down food

78
Q

TEETH- Permanent

A

32 teeth; 6 year molars; incisors; canines; premolars; molars; wisdom teeth

79
Q

TEETH- Permanent Function

A

chewing ; mechanically breaks down food

80
Q

TONGUE

A
  • Skeletal muscle innervated by the hypoglossal nerves (12th cranial)
  • Papillae
  • Keeps food between the teeth
  • Mixes food with saliva
  • Elevates to push food backward for swallowing
81
Q

Papillae

A

small projections on the upper surface; many contain taste buds
>7th, facial & 9th, glossopharyngeal

82
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS- 3pairs

A

1) parotid
2) submandibular
3) sublingual

83
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS- secret

A

saliva continuously, but the amount varies

84
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS- made of

A

blood plasma

85
Q

The digestive enzyme of the salivary gland is

A

salivary amylase

86
Q

Increase saliva production is a _____ response

A

parasympathetic

87
Q

LIVER

A

Consists of 2 large lobes, (Rt & Lt) & fills the upper right & centre of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm

88
Q

The structural unit is of the liver is

A

the liver lobule made up of hepatocytes (liver cells)

89
Q

Between adjacent lobules are

A

branches of the hepatic artery & portal vein

90
Q

Capillaries are called

A

sinusoids

91
Q

Sinusoids

A

receive blood

92
Q

Digestive secretion in liver is

A

bile

93
Q

Hepatic duct- liver

A

takes bile & unites with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct that empties into the duodenum

94
Q

Bile salts emulsify

A

fats; mechanical digestion

95
Q

Excess ____ & ____ are excreted by the liver into bile

A

cholesterol & bilirubin

96
Q

LIVER ( other functions)

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Amino acid metabolism
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Synthesis of plasma proteins
  • Formation of bilirubin

-Phagocytosis by Kupffer
Storage – Vitamins B12, A, D, E, K & minerals iron & copper
detoxification

97
Q

GALL BLADDER

A
  • A sac approximately 3-4 inches (7.5-10cm) long located on the under surface of the right lobe of the liver
  • Bile from the hepatic duct (liver) flows through the cystic duct into the gall bladder
98
Q

GALL BLADDER- function

A

stores & concentrates bile until it is needed by the small intestine

99
Q

When food enters the duodenum the cells of the mucosa food enters the duodenum the cells of

A

the mucosa secrete the hormone cholecystokinin

100
Q

The Gall Bladder stimulates

A
  • the smooth muscle to contract

- forces the bile into the duodenum

101
Q

PANCREAS

A
  • Approximately 6 inches (15 cm) long
  • Located in the upper left abdominal quadrant between the curve of the duodenum & the spleen
  • Exocrine glands are acini that produce enzymes
102
Q

Exocrine glands are acini that produce enzymes (3)

A

1) Amylase
2) Lipase
3) Trypsinogen changes to trypsin in the duodenum

103
Q

Amylase

A

starch to maltose

104
Q

Lipase

A

fats to fatty acids & glycerol

105
Q

Trypsinogen changes to trypsin in the duodenum which

A

digests polypeptides to amino acids

106
Q

what unite to form the pancreatic duct

A

small ducts

107
Q

Pancreatic duct joins the _____ and empties into the ___

A

common bile

duodenum

108
Q

The pancreas produces

A

bicarbonate juice

109
Q

bicarbonate juice

A

-reduces the acidity of the gastric juice (HCL) as it enters the duodenum

110
Q

What prevents damage to the duodenal mucosa

A

bicarbonate juice

111
Q

AFFECTS Of AGING

A

-Sense of taste becomes less acute

-Less saliva produced
Periodontal disease, loss of teeth

-Effectiveness of peristalsis is decreased

-Diverticula may form
Risk of oral & colon cancer increases

  • Liver & pancreas usually function well
  • Gallbladder – cholecystitis more frequent

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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